Learning Organisations

Learning Organizations Moving towards a learning association is something done BY individuals, not something done TO individuals or FOR individuals by another person. In this way, the job of HR must be in empowering, encouraging, and supporting a move towards learning associations. HR can never achieve this themselves. At that point, if administrators need to move towards a learning association, they should guide their working units to do as such, and direct HR to move into a strong job. In the event that its the opposite way around, where HR gets the obligation, it never works. Information the executives (KM) any training or procedure of making, securing, catching, sharing and utilizing information, any place it lives, to improve learning and execution in associations (Scarborough 1999). Information the executives includes changing over information sources by ordering related data at that point coursing to make the data to occur. Not all data is information or all information is significant. As indicated by Blackler (1995), information is multifaceted and perplexing, understood and express, physical and mental, verbal and encoded. He additionally arranges information in four as: implanted (mechanical group), enculturel (Values, convictions aggregate), encapsulated (reasonable information individual), and grasped (hypothetical getting person). Difference on Blackler, Nonaka (1991) recommends that information could be either individual or group, can't be both. One more contention originates from Scarborough and Carter (2000). They accept that information shows up from the aggregate understanding and it is shared by individual from the gathering. Information likewise is the key element of items and administrations. Along these lines the distinction among the associations thoroughly relies upon the level to which data can be gotten and changed over into information. At the point when it is the subject of information, individuals primarily think about documentation or classifying sort of information. While that express information is basic unsaid information is much progressively fundamental as it includes an incentive for upper hand of associations. Unsaid information is unconstrained, logical, has a major association with experience, documentation can't be applied. It is accepted that inferred information speak to huge level of information on an association. In other saying, Nonaka (1991) clarified that the information is either unequivocal or unsaid. Express information is accessible, recorded data. It is kept in databases, and it very well may be organized, though unsaid information is in people groups minds. It is difficult to lucid and it gains in close to home understanding. New information begins with an individual Nonaka accepts. Unsaid information needs to venture out starting with one individual then onto the next. The principle troubl e in the making of new information is that welcoming the implicit information on a superficial level and the trouble is that it expects understanding to do as such. Information the executives is tied in with getting the important information from individuals, who have it, to individuals, who need it to build up the authoritative effectiveness. As associations are contending in data age, information is the most significant resource in the opposition field more than physical and monetary resources. Another issue is that culture of association might be hindering the information sharing. Open societies will urged individuals to share their thoughts and information. Information the executives is regarding the matter of individuals. It straight associates with people groups information and screens how the information could bolster hierarchical objective. It additionally utilizes the most significant data which is more concentration and important. There isn't sure guideline which would be hard to change. KM is regularly modifies the information and checks its common sense so as to see its helpfulness. It is by and large have rousing element on administrators to guarantee that they are cooperating to arrive at the authoritative targets. The accentuations on information have brought new position lines, for example, information laborers. There are laborers who are called information laborers. Drucker (1993) portrays them as people who have significant level of training, aptitudes and capacity to apply, so as to take care of issues. Information laborers make the information and are key players in spreading it. Tampoe (1993) features four center inspirations for information laborers. Initial one is self-awareness; the open doors for people to understand their possibilities. Second one is word related independence; a workplace where information laborers can accomplish the undertaking given to them. Third one is task accomplishment that a feeling of accomplishment from creating works that is of high caliber and the last one is cash reward. Salary is only an award for their commitment to corporate achievement. Human Research can make an incredible commitment to information the executives as procedure of spreading and sharing information start among individuals. The significant job HR has here to ensure those associations have the scholarly capital they need. The job of HR in information the board can be recorded as; make open culture, significance of which will be sharing information; make an environment where trust is the issue; guaranteeing that exercises where individuals can share information individual to-individual premise, for example, workshops, courses, and so forth; rousing individuals by remunerating them when there is information sharing; take care of the laborers who contribute information sharing by giving assets lastly it is essential to ranking directors ought to be named for the information the executives to empower them for empowering their staff for information sharing. HR has a significant job on progress of the information based collaboration. The significant point of associations is to accomplish the upper hand by creating and effectively actualizing the information. HRs job here is to urge the executives to create reason which will suit to hierarchical point. HR has likewise commitment with KM by suggesting on the structure of procedure based associations. These sorts of associations are basically organizing, cross-useful, venture groups or so where sharing information is vital. HR commitment on improving KM is additionally significant. HR offers guidance on the best way to keep the skilful and skilled individuals who are too significant information sharing society (Armstrong 2008). A few information the executives models and systems have been finished. From the above model it very well may be comprehended that there is huge and significant association between information the executives and hierarchical learning, framework and innovation, culture and procedure. Information the executives can't be performed without learning in associations. There are numerous divisions in hierarchical learning, yet there is no single structure which has effectively summed up the assortment of its contributions. Learning association has a lot more extensive and more develop than association learning just as information the executives. Learning association will be clarified in detail in later on. A complex versatile framework (CAS) comprises of countless operators, every one of which carries on as indicated by some arrangement of rules. There rules require the operators to simply their conduct to that of different specialists (Stacey, 2003). In other saying, operators work and modify themselves as per one another. A few specialists depict CAS as the following development farther than learning association. Most organizations are from the beginning of time there are a few models for business which utilized a few arranging exercises that none of them worked. To have the option to escape from this terrible predetermination now organizations are looking of information the executives, to make arranging dynamic and agreeable to the continuous globalization. However this isn't in every case enough to adapt up to quick changing precarious world. Associations must alter themselves to progressing change condition. This circumstance made associations to study complex versatile frameworks and its appropriateness to associations. Additionally in continuous quick economy, nature is in the hover of progress. These regular enhancements make disarray and confusion. Some tumult is acknowledged so as to ensure that frameworks are versatile guaranteeing long haul endurance. Business world is a lot of ready to adjust CAS. Regularly there are new anecdotes about fruitful organizations and CAS. Wal-Mart is a generally excellent model for it. Retailers of Wal-Mart presently utilize brilliant labels to follow stock things. These keen labels, which are called Radio Frequency Identification RFID) rely upon satellites to catch the development of stock things anyplace whenever. What happens is that shopping baskets show things and sum as client put them into the truck. Criticism is significant for all things considered for learning associations. It is to deal with the complex versatile framework. CAS requires two types of input which are certain and negative criticism. Negative input is if change happens the response is to fix the course of the change and keep up the general situation though positive criticism proceeding with changes. Associations adjust CAS since it gives the order to catch up the work. Butterfly impact for instance is to show that little changes can have enormous impacts. Associations need to adjust CAS so as to adjust into the serious universe of business http://www.exinfm.com/board/complex_adaptive_systems.htm Mayhem hypothesis communicates the exhibition of certain unique frameworks. The frameworks create with time and the dynamic could be delicate to initially state which alludes to butterfly impact. The single method to accumulate the advantages of confusion hypothesis in hierarchical advancement is to adjust the edge of bedlam. With edge of disarray, associations need to discover new and gainful ways, adjust new showcasing models to make due in the opposition. For these learning associations, aircraft industry is a genuine model, especially Southwest Airlines. They not exclusively did changes to endure but since wealthy too which they succeeded well overall. Then again associations which couldnt adapt or find cha

Creatine Has Been Around Forever Because It Is In Everything That We E

Creatine has been around always on the grounds that it is in everything that we eat, for example, steak, chicken, and fish. It has been around in supplement structure since the mid 90's. Different expert, secondary school and university competitors in the United States and everywhere throughout the world use Creatine. Some large names in sports that are Creatine clients incorporate any semblance of Shannon Sharpe of the Denver Broncos. (Behind the Lines: Espn). Others are Pete Sampras and the whole University of Nebraska Football Team. (http://www.espn.go.com/tennis/usopen99/news/1999/0907/44778.html). Just as those three models, others that utilization Creatine are seventy five percent of the Denver Broncos and 60% of all significant alliance baseball players, including Mark McGuire and Brady Anderson. Muscle heads far and wide additionally utilize the enhancement since it has no demonstrated side effects on the off chance that it is utilized appropriately. (Force Supplements: http: //www.powersupplements.com/creatine.html). Creatine is an exacerbate that can be made in our bodies or taken as a dietary enhancement. The proper name for Creatine is methyl guanidine-acidic corrosive. Creatine is comprised of three amino acids, Arginine, Glycine, and Methionine. The liver can consolidate the three and make Creatine. Creatine works in view of a compound in our bodies called ATP. ATP is a vitality containing compound. The most significant thing about ATP is that the body can get vitality rapidly from an ATP response. At the point when the ATP is separated into ADP it discharges the vitality that empower your muscles to contract. Presently since after this response the ADP is left futile. This is the place the Creatine comes in. The Creatine Phosphate is utilized to change over the futile ADP into the vitality source ATP. At the point when you put more ATP in your muscles that implies you have more vitality in your muscles. It has been said that Creatine taken by youthful competitors could be perilous over the long haul. The issue with these allegations is that they can not be demonstrated in light of the fact that there is no drawn out research on the enhancement. The media has continually named Creatine as a possibly risky enhancement. A few instances of this media slamming are as per the following. In December of 98 two grapplers passed on of drying out. Creatine was continually accused for the passings of these two university grapplers since it had been accounted for that the two had been Creatine clients for the greater part of their wrestling professions. While the case is still under scrutiny it is additionally a reality that the two turned out to be in elastic suits and hadn't eaten in days to cut weight which could very well of caused their demises. (Behind the Lines: ESPN). Different wounds that are being accused on Creatine incorporate the rash of wounds at the current year's U.S. Open. These inquiries were opened in the tennis world when the main player on the planet, Pete Sampras was sidelined and seven men's draw matches finished early. (http://www.espn.go.com/tennis/usopen99/news/1999/0907/44778.html) The explanation behind all the media publicity about the Creatine supplement is the absence of information about it. One actuality that the vast majority of individuals won't know is that Creatine is in your body despite the fact that you have never taken the enhancement. Creatine is in all that you eat from meat to chicken to angle. The main thing the enhancement does is placed amplified sums into your framework. (Beam Sahelian: All about Creatine). Creatine comes in two structures fluid and powder. The powder structure must be blended in with a fluid, for example, water or squeeze. The fluid structure shouldn't be blended in with anything at all and comes in flavors. The best of the two in late examinations has the fluid structure in front of the powder. During the initial five days of utilization you should experience a stacking period. The stacking time frame is the point at which you take three or four dosages per day with a great deal of water. With the fluid structure anyway none of that is fundamental on account of the way that it is a fluid the enhancement gets to your blood quicker. After the stacking time frame is over you just need to take Creatine once every day a 30 minutes before you work out or lift and drink a ton of water while utilizing it. Creatine works extraordinary while working out or during training however it has

Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs

Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs Panic Disorder Treatment Print Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on August 31, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 25, 2019 Piga Catalano s.n.c./Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand How MAOIs Work Reason for Food Restrictions Foods to Avoid Other Dietary Considerations Symptoms/Hypertensive Crisis Plan Ahead View All Back To Top Though not nearly as common as they once were, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are still sometimes prescribed to treat depression, as well as off-label use for Parkinsons disease?? and anxiety disorders like panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? No matter what condition you may be taking these medications for, there are certain high-protein and aged foods that you should avoid in order to prevent harmful spikes in your blood pressure. How MAOIs Work Many people dealing with  panic disorder  are prescribed medications to treat anxiety,  panic attacks, and other panic-related symptoms. Antidepressant medications may sound like theyre only designed to treat depression, but  antidepressants  have increasingly been used to help alleviate the symptoms of panic disorder and other anxiety disorders.?? First  available to U.S. consumers in the 1950s, MAOIs were one of the earliest antidepressants prescribed. MAOIs work to impact  different  neurotransmitters, or naturally  occurring substances, in the brain that regulate various body functions. In particular, MAOIs are thought to affect the neurotransmitters of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These are associated with the regulation of your mood, sleep, energy, and motivation and theyre also responsible for balancing the  fight-or-flight response,  which is linked to how you respond to stress and anxiety.?? These days, there are often more effective medications available that have fewer side effects, so MAOIs are usually reserved for cases when other medications havent done the job. Theyre a good choice for certain people, however. Common MAOIs include: Nardil (phenelzine)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Marplan (isocarboxazid)Emsam (selegiline) Reason for Food Restrictions Tyramine is a compound thats found in certain foods, beverages, and other substances and has an effect on your blood pressure. Tyramine is regulated by the  MAO  enzyme, which helps break it down. MAOIs work by restricting the MAO enzyme, which usually results in reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, when the MAO enzyme is inhibited, such as when youre taking an  MAOI, tyramine can reach dangerously high levels, causing your blood vessels to narrow and resulting in critically high blood pressure.?? If youre taking an MAOI, youll need to avoid foods and beverages that are high in tyramine to prevent potentially fatal blood pressure spikes that can land you in the emergency room. Foods to Avoid Protein-rich foods contain higher amounts of tyramine. Additionally, tyramine content rises in these foods as they age.  There are a few foods and beverages that are high in tyramine that you should avoid while taking an MAOI,?? including: Meat Products: Foods to avoid include  beef liver,  chicken liver,  fermented sausages like pepperoni and salami, bacon, hot dogs, corned beef, and luncheon meats.Fish Products: Stay away from  caviar,  cured fish,  dried or pickled herring, and anything that contains  shrimp paste.Milk Products: Aged and mature cheeses and other dairy products like sour cream and  yogurt are on the list of foods to avoid. You can have cottage cheese, processed cheese like American, cream cheese, ricotta, and part-skim mozzarella.Fruits and Vegetables: High-protein produce is also a concern. This includes  overripe fruits and avocados, as well as banana peels (not the bananas themselves). Also, try not to eat fava beans, Italian green beans, or snow peas. Its best to stay away from  sauerkraut, tofu, pickles, and  canned figs as well.Alcohol:  Certain fermented alcoholic beverages should be left out of your diet. This includes red wines and Chianti, vermouth, and sherry. A beer that contains yeast sh ould also be avoided, particularly home-brewed or tap beer.Yeast-Containing Foods: Its recommended that you avoid foods that contain  concentrated yeast products and  brewers yeast. Included in this group are items like miso, teriyaki, fermented tofu or bean curd, and soy sauce.Combinations: Snacks or meals that are made with any of these foods also need to be avoided. For example, you shouldnt eat foods that contain cheese such as pizza or lasagna, or foods that contain soy sauce like stir-fry. Youll also need to avoid high tyramine foods and beverages for two to four weeks after you go off of an MAOI. Your doctor will give you specific instructions. Other Dietary Considerations In foods that contain tyramine, the level increases even more during the spoiling or decay process. Its important that you eat only fresh and freshly cooked foods and use proper food safety practices, such as:?? Check packaged foods for freshness and dont consume products beyond the freshness date.Cook all foods to the proper temperature.Maintain cold foods at the proper temperature.Dont refreeze foods that have been thawed.Avoid leftovers, even if they have been refrigerated.Consume cooked foods promptly, making sure proper food temperature is maintained. Keep in mind that heat doesnt decrease tyramine, so cooking or heating up food thats high in tyramine wont make any difference. Symptoms of Hypertensive Crisis When your tyramine level starts to increase, you may notice symptoms that your blood pressure is quickly rising. When this happens, its an emergency situation called a hypertensive crisis. Symptoms include:?? Headache, which will likely be severeNauseaVomitingConfusionDisturbances in your visionFast or irregular heart ratePain in your chest that may be accompanied by shortness of breathSweatingNosebleedsSevere anxietyFainting If you notice any of the symptoms of a hypertensive crisis, and especially if you know you ate food thats high in tyramine, call your doctor or 911, or have someone take you to the emergency room. Plan Ahead In the event that your doctor prescribes an MAOI for you, talk to him or her about a complete list of foods and alcohol that you need to avoid. You may also need to avoid certain medications, whether over-the-counter or prescription, so ask about this too. Its also best to make a plan with your doctor about what to do in the event that you have a hypertensive crisis so you know exactly what to do.

Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs

Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs Panic Disorder Treatment Print Dietary Precautions While Taking MAOIs By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on August 31, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 25, 2019 Piga Catalano s.n.c./Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand How MAOIs Work Reason for Food Restrictions Foods to Avoid Other Dietary Considerations Symptoms/Hypertensive Crisis Plan Ahead View All Back To Top Though not nearly as common as they once were, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are still sometimes prescribed to treat depression, as well as off-label use for Parkinsons disease?? and anxiety disorders like panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? No matter what condition you may be taking these medications for, there are certain high-protein and aged foods that you should avoid in order to prevent harmful spikes in your blood pressure. How MAOIs Work Many people dealing with  panic disorder  are prescribed medications to treat anxiety,  panic attacks, and other panic-related symptoms. Antidepressant medications may sound like theyre only designed to treat depression, but  antidepressants  have increasingly been used to help alleviate the symptoms of panic disorder and other anxiety disorders.?? First  available to U.S. consumers in the 1950s, MAOIs were one of the earliest antidepressants prescribed. MAOIs work to impact  different  neurotransmitters, or naturally  occurring substances, in the brain that regulate various body functions. In particular, MAOIs are thought to affect the neurotransmitters of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These are associated with the regulation of your mood, sleep, energy, and motivation and theyre also responsible for balancing the  fight-or-flight response,  which is linked to how you respond to stress and anxiety.?? These days, there are often more effective medications available that have fewer side effects, so MAOIs are usually reserved for cases when other medications havent done the job. Theyre a good choice for certain people, however. Common MAOIs include: Nardil (phenelzine)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Marplan (isocarboxazid)Emsam (selegiline) Reason for Food Restrictions Tyramine is a compound thats found in certain foods, beverages, and other substances and has an effect on your blood pressure. Tyramine is regulated by the  MAO  enzyme, which helps break it down. MAOIs work by restricting the MAO enzyme, which usually results in reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, when the MAO enzyme is inhibited, such as when youre taking an  MAOI, tyramine can reach dangerously high levels, causing your blood vessels to narrow and resulting in critically high blood pressure.?? If youre taking an MAOI, youll need to avoid foods and beverages that are high in tyramine to prevent potentially fatal blood pressure spikes that can land you in the emergency room. Foods to Avoid Protein-rich foods contain higher amounts of tyramine. Additionally, tyramine content rises in these foods as they age.  There are a few foods and beverages that are high in tyramine that you should avoid while taking an MAOI,?? including: Meat Products: Foods to avoid include  beef liver,  chicken liver,  fermented sausages like pepperoni and salami, bacon, hot dogs, corned beef, and luncheon meats.Fish Products: Stay away from  caviar,  cured fish,  dried or pickled herring, and anything that contains  shrimp paste.Milk Products: Aged and mature cheeses and other dairy products like sour cream and  yogurt are on the list of foods to avoid. You can have cottage cheese, processed cheese like American, cream cheese, ricotta, and part-skim mozzarella.Fruits and Vegetables: High-protein produce is also a concern. This includes  overripe fruits and avocados, as well as banana peels (not the bananas themselves). Also, try not to eat fava beans, Italian green beans, or snow peas. Its best to stay away from  sauerkraut, tofu, pickles, and  canned figs as well.Alcohol:  Certain fermented alcoholic beverages should be left out of your diet. This includes red wines and Chianti, vermouth, and sherry. A beer that contains yeast sh ould also be avoided, particularly home-brewed or tap beer.Yeast-Containing Foods: Its recommended that you avoid foods that contain  concentrated yeast products and  brewers yeast. Included in this group are items like miso, teriyaki, fermented tofu or bean curd, and soy sauce.Combinations: Snacks or meals that are made with any of these foods also need to be avoided. For example, you shouldnt eat foods that contain cheese such as pizza or lasagna, or foods that contain soy sauce like stir-fry. Youll also need to avoid high tyramine foods and beverages for two to four weeks after you go off of an MAOI. Your doctor will give you specific instructions. Other Dietary Considerations In foods that contain tyramine, the level increases even more during the spoiling or decay process. Its important that you eat only fresh and freshly cooked foods and use proper food safety practices, such as:?? Check packaged foods for freshness and dont consume products beyond the freshness date.Cook all foods to the proper temperature.Maintain cold foods at the proper temperature.Dont refreeze foods that have been thawed.Avoid leftovers, even if they have been refrigerated.Consume cooked foods promptly, making sure proper food temperature is maintained. Keep in mind that heat doesnt decrease tyramine, so cooking or heating up food thats high in tyramine wont make any difference. Symptoms of Hypertensive Crisis When your tyramine level starts to increase, you may notice symptoms that your blood pressure is quickly rising. When this happens, its an emergency situation called a hypertensive crisis. Symptoms include:?? Headache, which will likely be severeNauseaVomitingConfusionDisturbances in your visionFast or irregular heart ratePain in your chest that may be accompanied by shortness of breathSweatingNosebleedsSevere anxietyFainting If you notice any of the symptoms of a hypertensive crisis, and especially if you know you ate food thats high in tyramine, call your doctor or 911, or have someone take you to the emergency room. Plan Ahead In the event that your doctor prescribes an MAOI for you, talk to him or her about a complete list of foods and alcohol that you need to avoid. You may also need to avoid certain medications, whether over-the-counter or prescription, so ask about this too. Its also best to make a plan with your doctor about what to do in the event that you have a hypertensive crisis so you know exactly what to do.

The Growth Of Trade Between Africa - 1037 Words

The growth of trade between Africa, Asia and Europe influenced a very important religion. The location of the Islamic world was ideal for trade, it lay between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Muslims traveled by land and sea, creating a network of trade. A Muslim scholar named Ibn Battuta traveled around Europe, Africa and Asia for about 7 years. Ibn Battuta traveled all around West Africa, Europe and Asia. The goods they traded were silk, paper, dishes, spices, gems and coconuts. By A.D. 1000, Islam had the world’s largest cities outside of China. One of the biggest trade networks ever recorded is the Gold-Salt trade. There are 3 stages to the spread of Islam in West Africa; containment, mixing, and reform. Most of the†¦show more content†¦The Trans-Saharan caravan routes began in North Africa along the Northwestern border of the Sahara. In 1352, a Muslim named Ibn Battuta crossed the Sahara with a trade caravan. Battuta’s caravan began at the Oasis city of Sijilmasa, on the northern edge of the Sahara in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Battuta stayed in the Sijilmasa for a few months, waiting for the rainy season to end. When the Oasis’s were full, the traders set out. They traveled from Oasis to Oasis. Walking across the desert was dangerous, one time during the trip the traders could not find water so they slaughtered there camels and drank there water. The caravan stopped at Taghaza, a village where salt mines were located. They took on a load of salt. There entire journey took about 2 months (Frey, History Alive). The traders used to just trade between settlements when trade was hard. After a while the traders gained new methods of travel and this helped them carry more supplies across the Sahara. The first traders traded Yams, Mahogany and Grains. The new ones traded Silk, Paper, Dishes, Spices, Gems and Coconuts. By A.D. 1000, Islam had the world’s largest cities outside of China. One of the most famous cities is Timbuktu. â€Å"Timbuktu is one of the oldest cities in the Islamic world to have more than 1 universities† (afrolegends.com). Sijilmasa is one of the

An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper Free Essays

string(39) " take control of an affected computer\." De La Salle University – Manila An Introduction to the IM Profession and Ethics Paper Presented to The Faculty of the College of Computer Studies De La University – Manila In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science of Information Systems By: Changcoco, Amos Dimla, Ysabel Nicole Ramchand, Pavan Tanchuling, Bianca Denise Tibayan, Jan Michael 1. 0 COMPUTER AND INTERNET CRIME 1. 1 Types of Exploits 1. We will write a custom essay sample on An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 1Virus It is a malicious code that is attached to a file or executable program that can hack the files of the victim’s computer and reformat, delete or modify the files. The virus is executed only when the file that contains the virus is opened or if the program with the virus is executed as well. It leaves infections as it travels from one computer to another. The spread of the virus relies on the users whenever users would use removable media devices, download or through e-mails. An example of a computer virus would be the Pikachu virus which was the first computer virus directed to children. It was said that the virus started on June 28, 2000 from Asia or the Pacific Ocean region. The virus was an email titled, â€Å"Pikachu Pokemon† with the message, â€Å"Pikachu is your friend. † The email contained the image of the cartoon character, ‘Pikachu’ from the TV series Pokemon, with the message, â€Å"Between millions of people around the world I found you. Don’t forget to remember this day every time MY FRIEND. † The Pikachu virus infected only a few companies in the United States through Microsoft Outlook email attachments or through Microsoft’s Internet Explorer browser. The reason why only a few companies were harmed and why the virus was not as viral is that the virus was not coded properly and would ask the user if the virus can delete the files in the user. 1. 1. 2Worm A worm is a malicious code that is used for bringing down the computer system. A worm does not infect files, however, it monopolies the computer’s CPU and operating system and is capable of deleting data and programs. It infects a computer by finding vulnerability in an application or operating system. A worm is self-replicating and uses a network to replicate itself to other computer. It does not rely on human interaction for spreading to other computers. An example would be the Morris Worm or also known as the Great Worm. Created by a Cornell University student named Robert Tappan Morris in the year 1968, the Morris Worm consisted of 99 lines of code. Robert Morris wanted to know how big the Internet was and made the worm to find the answer. It is noted that the creator did not have malicious intent in making this worm; however, the worm infected immense amounts of stability problems that made many systems unusable. The damage was over 6,000 infected UNIX machines which cost between $10,000,000 and $100,000,000. This example is an ethical dilemma because the creator did not have evil intentions in making the worm but did have bad effects on most people in America. This dilemma would be ethical based on the psychological egoism theory because Robert Morris acted on his selfish motive whether he should or not, which made him moral. Based on the hedonism theory, it was ethical of Morris because he was only doing his duty without knowing that his actions would bring upon negative effects. 1. 1. 3Trojan Horse Named after the Trojan horse from Troy which was used to infiltrate the enemy’s territory through a disguise, the Trojan horse is disguised as something else (such as a program or file) but is actually a malicious code or may contain malicious code. Similar to viruses, a Trojan horse is executed when the file with the virus is opened or the program with the malicious code is executed also. A Trojan horse can do from light damages such as changing the desktop and the like, to threatening damage, such as deleting files, stealing data, or activating and spreading other malware, to the victim’s software. Trojan horses are also used to create a ‘back door’ in the operating system so that the hackers can access the system. However, the Trojan horse cannot duplicate itself nor it can self-replicate. It would need the user to spread to other computers. An example of a Trojan horse would be from the pirated version of Apple’s suite of software, iWork. iServices was the Trojan horse part of the pirated version of iWork, which would signal the hackers that the Mac is infected and the hacker has access to the system. This is an ethical dilemma because the people who buy pirated software such as the iWork do not know that there is a Trojan horse in the software. It was unethical of the sellers to place a Trojan horse in the software without the consent of their customers’ because deontology theory states that it was not the duty of the vendors to hack into the systems of their customers in the first place. Another reason why it was unethical because of the theory of altruism because the interest of others was not thought about since many people will suffer due to the actions of the vendors. This is another reason why it is unethical, because of the utilitarianism, which is consequences-based. Lastly, the social contract theory states that the actions of the vendors were unethical because it is against the law to hack and infiltrate private property. Logic bomb is a type of Trojan horse that is triggered only by a series of specific events such as a specific sequence of keystrokes or a change in a file. 1. 1. 4Botnets A botnet is a network of infected computers that are controlled by bots. Named after the word ‘robot’, a bot is a type of malware that allows an attacker to take control of an affected computer. You read "An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper" in category "Essay examples" Criminal can take over the controlled computer such as sending out spam, spread viruses, attack computer and can even cause crime and fraud, without the owner knowing it. Bots are also called computer zombie because the computer has no control over its actions since hackers are in charge of its actions. 1. 1. 5Distributed Denial-Of-Service Attacks (DDoS Attacks) A Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack is when a malicious hacker controls computers through the Internet. It is an attempt in preventing the computer owner to use network resource or machine. It is composed of one or more people trying to disenable a certain host from being connected to the Internet. 1. 1. 6Rootkits The name rootkit comes from the two words ‘root’, which pertains to the point it attacks, which would be the administrator or the source or the root, and ‘kit’ because of the set of programs. A rootkit is a set of programs that enables its user to gain administrator level access to a computer without the user’s consent or knowledge. The owner of the rootkit is capable of executing files and changing system configurations on the target machine, as well as accessing log files or monitoring activity to covertly spy on the user’s computer usage. It is hard to detect if a computer system has a rootkit malware. 1. 1. 7Spam E-mail spam is when e-mail systems send unsolicited e-mail to large numbers of people. Spam mostly comes off as cheap advertisements of strange products such as pornography, ‘get-rich-quick’ schemes and the like. Spam can also be used to deliver harmful worms or other malware. . 1. 8Phishing Phishing is an attempt to steal personal identity data by tricking users into entering information on a counterfeit Web site. 1. 2Types of Perpetrators 1. 2. 1Hackers and Crackers Hackers are people who test the limits of the system, find the â€Å"holes†, and check which data they could access. The knowledge that they get is actually obtainable in various media, usually the internet. They are not usually considered bad; but due to many of them who used such knowledge to cause harm to systems, the term became negative. A more appropriate term for these kinds of people is actually called crackers. 1. 2. 2 Malicious Insiders Malicious insiders are people who obtain goods, services, or property through deception or trickery, also known as fraud. In other words they lie to gain. 1. 2. 3 Industrial Spies Industrial spies are people who illegally obtain information from competitors for the benefit of their sponsor. The act is called industrial espionage and the opposite which is to obtain information legally is called competitive intelligence. In 1993, Opel accused the rival Volkswagen of industrial espionage after the former’s chief of production and seven executives moved to the latter company due to missing documents. (Julian, 2011) 1. 2. 4 Cybercriminals These perpetrators hack to the company’s system and will do anything with the information just to gain money. One of the most famous hackers of the world is Albert Gonzalez, who used hacking to steal and resell millions of card and ATM numbers in a span of three years. He did this by attacking many systems which would eventually give him the information needed to steal the card numbers. Verini, 2010) Albert Gonzalez is in ethical dilemma because he used his skills to steal the information for money. Based on the deontological theory, it’s unethical because it is not the duty of hackers to steal information. Based on hedonism under the utilitarian theory, it is ethical because he found pleasure from the act. Social contract theory, however, makes th is act unethical, and so does virtue theory. 1. 2. 5 Hacktivists and Cyberterrorists Hacktivists, combining the words â€Å"hacking† and â€Å"activist†, are people who hack to promote political ideology. Cyberterrorists attack to get the attention of the government as part of their political objectives. Anonymous is one of the most famous hacktivist groups due to their appearance on various media in which members appear wearing the Guy Fawkes mask. Their advocacy is to oppose the Internet censorship and surveillance, government corruption and homophobia. This is why they attacked several government sites. (Katich, 2013) The ethical dilemma the group faces is that they use hacking skills to infiltrate the systems yet they belong to the side of the people as their objective is to make the government hear their voice. This is ethical based on deontology because it is their duty to make the government listen to them their voice. This is also ethical based on the altruistic approach as more will benefit from their act. However, social contract theory states that it is unethical since this act has violated the law. 1. 3Laws for Prosecuting Computer Attacks 1. 3. 1Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (RA 8792) 1. 3. 1. 1E-Commerce in Society The process of buying and selling goods electronically by consumers and from company to company through computerized business transactions. This act has the purpose of protecting those who pursue business in electronic means through multiple communication networks through the Internet. 1. 3. 1. 2 Elements in the Law Electronic data messages – these are generally the information that is in every transaction of the business. Electronic document – these are the type of information specified with text, symbols, or other modes of written expression yet similar in nature with the electronic data messages. Electronic Signature – these are any distinctive marks that approve a transaction which are done by a person or an entity using electronic means. . 3. 1. 3Relation to other Laws Such laws that are affected with this are the Intellectual Property Rights, Copyrights Protection. These laws give protection to the parties involved in any business activities through electronic means. Fraud is also related as the government can charge you when you make accept payment illegally by disguising your site as a reliab le option for payment. 1. 3. 1. 4 CASE in E-Commerce Censorship is very an essential tool to distinguish the moralities of websites and the cooperation of companies to acknowledge said moralities. In China, Google’s operations created a storm of criticism when the company agreed to comply with the government’s wishes and censor pro-democracy and other websites. In 2010, Google relocated its Chinese operations to Hong Kong, putting it outside China’s censorship regime. Supporters of the decision say Google shouldn’t cooperate with China’s repressive policies, while critics say Google’s withdrawal cut off millions of Chinese citizens from the company’s services and weakens its presence in one of the world’s largest markets. This case has very evident ethical issues including the move of Google to relocate its operations to Hong Kong. This made the jurisdiction of China’s censorship policy not reachable so that they can use their assets more freely. These however made the citizens of China that is inside the jurisdiction of the censorship policy long for their beneficial search engine. If seen in Google’s benefits this is a rather good trade for them to maximize the use of their services in a commercial area such as Hong Kong yet they could’ve served the citizens so they can keep up their reputation of improving life in the world and be consistent of the famous line â€Å"Don’t be evil†. I generally disagree with their decision to relocate as they could’ve followed the updated utilitarianism and give their services to those who would need them the most. Still they acted the ethical egoism to censor pro – democracy sites which are morally good to their perspective. 1. 3. 1. 5Another Example Including Google Google gathers incredible amounts of data on people who use its search engine. As of 2011, the company’s website states that although it stores records of your searches as a tool to improve corporate efficiency, it renders them anonymous after nine months and deletes cookies used to track visitors after two years. Governments could use Google’s information to investigate individuals visiting particular websites, however, and Google Earth’s photo collection also has raised privacy questions: In 2008, a couple sued on the grounds the online photos of their home violated their privacy, but a judge threw out the lawsuit the next year. This case is provides insight to how Google can be of every use to our society as they can help the government catch fugitives, suspects and criminals with their records of the searches of the every person using their search engines yet this leaves them to violate certain privacy issues when they abuse that kind of power. The lawsuit of the couple may be dismissed by a judge but their lawsuit are supported by ethical theories namely the rights – based theories which states that there are social contracts that should be acknowledged and that includes their right for privacy. They may be legal to store records such as the photo from their Google Earth but they should have to limit their power to exercise their duty as they are also supported by the duty – based theories due to their daily or continual task of improving corporate efficiency as well as giving us access to unlimited knowledge. 1. 3. 2 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (RA 10175) 1. . 3. 1 Preliminary Provisions 1. 3. 3. 2. 1. 1 Brief History of RA 10175 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 or also known as Republic Act No. 10175 was approved on September 12, 2012. This is first law in the Philippines which specifically criminalizes computer-related crimes. The Cybercrime Prevention Act in its current form is the product of House Bill No. 5808, authored by Representative Susan Tap-Sulit of the second district of Tarlac and 36 other co-authors. The final version of the Act was later signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III on September 12, 2012. 1. 3. 2. 1. 1 Declaration of Policy The main objective of this Act is to protect the people from cybercrimes and also from the harmful effects associated with it. The state also aims to recognize the vital roles of information and communications industries in the country. The state also recognizes the need to protect and safeguard the citizens of the state, and also to protect the integrity of computers and its users. The state also wants to recognize the importance of providing an environment conducive to the development acceleration, and rational application and exploitation of information and communications technology. . 3. 3. 2. 1 General Provisions 1. 3. 3. 2. 2. 2. 1 Punishable Acts In this Act, there are 10 punishable acts indicated in the bill, and those punishable acts each have penalties that are associated. In the next sentences, the punishable acts will be discussed briefly. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data and systems: A. Illegal Access – accessing a computer or a part of a computer without any right B. Illegal Interception – the interception made by the use of any technical device without any right of non-public transmission of datum to or from any computer system including electromagnetic emissions from a computer system carrying such data C. Data Interference – the intentional or any reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer data, electronic document, or electronic data message, without any right including the transmission or transferring viruses into a system. One example is the ILOVEYOU message transmitted through electronic mail way back in the year 2000. D. System Interference – the intentional or any reckless hindering or interference with a functioning computer system, or a computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering, or supressing computer data or computer program without any right or authority in doing so. E. Misuse of Devices – the use of any material without any right of it. Acts like producing, manufacturing, selling, and distribution. F. Cyber-squatting – the simplest way is identity theft, using another individual’s identity to gain profit or scam other people in the internet. G. Computer-related Forgery – the illegal use of a computer into copying one’s work, and gaining illegal access to a computer to copy the content of a system or database. H. Computer-related Fraud – the unauthorized input, alteration, or deletion of computer data or program or interference in the functioning of a computer system. I. Computer-related Identity Theft – the intentional acquisition, use, transfer, or possession of any identifying information belonging to another person, whether natural of juridical. Under these are Cybersex and Child Pornography. J. Libel –    defined as a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any acts, omission, condition, status or circumstance tending to discredit or cause the dishonour or contempt of a natural or juridical person committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future. The above stated are the punishable acts by the law enforced and written in the bill, and these acts have corresponding penalties if have been proven to the court. The penalties include: imprisonment or a fine of at least two hundred thousand pesos (Php. 00,000. 00) up to a maximum amount commensurate to the damage incurred or both. Prison mayor is equivalent to imprisonment from 6 years and one day to twelve years. 1. 3. 3 Ethical/ Moral Dilemmas 1. 3. 4. 2 Situation A 16-year old male named â€Å"Josh Evans† was registered on the account used for bullying messages to a girl named Megan Mier. Lori Drew, the mother of Sarah, a former friend Mier, later admitted creating the MySpace account. She was aided by Sarah and Ashley Grills, an 18-year-old employee of the elder Drew. The senior Drew and several others ran the fake account, with an aim to get information about Megan and use that information against her and also for her to be humiliated. This caused spreading gossips about Megan, and thus creating a traumatic experience not only for her but also to her family. 1. 3. 4. 3 Analysing using the Four Major Ethical Theories A. Duty-based Theory According to the Duty-based theory, an act is considered ethical if it has good intentions. Given the situation, I can clearly state that it is not an ethical thing to do. Creating or spreading false rumours is not even close to be called as a good intention. Also, gathering information about a certain person is not ethical if it will be used against or be held against to a person. Using the Duty-Based Theory, I can clearly state that the situation of gathering information of Megan is not ethical because it does not serve a good intention. B. Utilitarianism According to the Utilitarianism Theory an act is only to be considered ethical if it produces desirable consequences or outcomes. The outcome of the situation stated earlier is that the experience Megan was traumatic not only for herself, but it also affected her family. Just by looking at this outcome, we can say that it is not also considered ethical in this theory, because of the outcomes that the actions of the group had caused not only their target but also the relationship of other people to Megan. C. Social Contract Theory According to the social contract theory an act is considered ethical if the act does not violate any rules or laws; according to the Civil Code of the Philippines: Persons and Family Relations, under Chapter 2 which is Human Relations the Articles 19, 20 and 21 discusses the different rights a person possesses and how a person should exercise his or her rights. Chapter 2 Article 19 presents the basic principles that are to be observed for the rightful relationship between human beings and the stability of the social order. Chapter 2 Article 20 presents that you are liable for any damage that you have caused to another person, whether wilfully or negligently. Chapter 2 Article 26 presents that right must never abused, the moment that it is abused, the moment rights are abused they ceased to right. D. Virtue According to the Virtue theory, the action that is considered to be ethical is when the action is came from a good moral principle. Looking to the situation, it is not an ethical thing to do because it does only harm the person involved but also the moral principles of the suspect is to be questioned. 1. 3 Trustworthy Computing 1. 4. 1 Microsoft’s 4 Pillars of trustworthy Computing The 4 Pillars of trustworthy computing help identify the key elements in computing especially in an organization with numerous employees to manage. Guidance is a key to help implement a good and stable system such as how the pillars guide not just Microsoft employees but users alike. 1. 4. . 1 Security Creation of a trust worthy environment for a safe computing environment 1. 4. 2. 2 Privacy The protection and confidentiality of design, development and testing in any organization is essential as to be part of the competitive market today. 1. 4. 2. 3 Reliability Working as expected or promised by the developers and their entity 1. 4. 2. 4 Business Integrity Being responsible and transparent in you duties and expectation as part o f a work force that strives to be excellent a mistake is bound to happen. Admitting a mistake is the 1st step to a growing process of learning new things to come. 1. 4. 2 Risk Assessment It is the process of assessing security related risks to an organization’s computers and networks from both internal and external (Reynolds, 2011) A risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazards and analyse what could happen if a hazard occurs. (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2013) The assessment would assure the IT security team that they will be ready when an attack comes because of the determined risk assessment they perform. 1. 4. 1 General Security Risk Assessment Process Step 1: Identify IT assets and prioritize ones that are of most importance Step 2: Identify the threats/risks that could occur Step 3: Assess the likelihood of threats Step 4: Determine the impact of each threat, how large to small is the impact if affected Step 5: Determine how each threat can be prevented/blocked Step 6: Which is the most effective prevention method Step 7: Perform cost benefit analysis before taking any action Step 8: Make the decision to implement or not to implement the decided risk prevention found through thorough research and development 1. 4. 3 Establishing a security policy Defines an organization’s security requirements, as well as controls and sanctions needed to meet those requirements. (Reynolds, 2011) A good security policy can possibly improve and provide a smooth flow of operations within an organization. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) is a non-regulatory federal agency within the US department of commerce. The computer security division creates security standards for organizations to implement in their own system. 1. 4. 4 Educating the Employees, Contractor and Part-Time Workers Surveys show that most security problems come from negligence and unawareness of the security policies. Teaching good security practices like not giving out your passwords, making sure you do not meddle in different departments. Knowing the Dos and DONTs of everyday computing will help guide any workplace and direct them to the good ways of being a good user. 1. 4. 5 Threat Prevention The key to a threat prevention system are layers of security systems that challenge the perpetrator to hack into the system. Firewall – stands guard between an organization’s internal network and the internet Intrusion Prevention Systems – prevents an attack by blocking viruses, malformed packets and other threats from getting into a protected network. Antivirus software – should be installed on each user’s personal computer to scan a computer’s disk drives and memory regularly for viruses. User accounts that remain active after employees leave cause an uncertain threat to the company, IT staff must promptly delete and make sure to wipe out all the privileges of the former employee. The US-CERT (United States Computer Emergency Network Team) and SANS(SysAdmin, Audit, Network,System) Institute – regularly update a summary of the most frequent and high impact threats to a computer system specifically viruses and worms. . 4. 6 Security Audit An important prevention tool that evaluates whether an organization has a good security policy and if it is being followed. An example would be a requirement to change passwords every week or month with this in place a security for companies are much more protected compared to others without this requirement. Basically to test, check and review the system’s secur ity and look for loop holes and easy targets. 1. 4. 7 Detection The preventive measures made for a computer system is not always enough to protect important data. Intrusion detection system – is a software/hardware that monitors system and network resources, notifies a system admin when an intrusion occurs Knowledge based intrusion system – contains information about attacks and system vulnerabilities, then trigger an alarm (ex. Repeated login, repeated data events) Behaviour based intrusion system – compares users system behaviour with an admin created model that detects when a user is not following the required model, this would trigger an alarm. (Example: Unusual activity with an account in the HR department accessing the IT department’s data. 1. 4. 8 Response An organization should be prepared for the worst, like a system attack that stops all operations and steals data from the company. The top priority during an attack is not to catch the perpetrator but to regain control and save what is left. Who needs to be informed? And who not to notify? Reputation and credibility is at stake in any security breach. A company should document all details of a security breach and be able to review it after to assess and further study. Eradication of the damaged/breached information is essential but before everything a log is required to keep track 1. . 9 Ethical Moral Dilemmas You are a member of a large IT security support group of a large manufacturing company. You have been awakened late at night and informed that someone has defaced your organization’s website and also attempted to gain access to computer files containing a new product under development. What are your next steps? How much time would you spend tracking down the hacker? -Deo ntological 1. 5 References * (1999, 10). Electronic Commerce. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 10, 1999, from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Electronic-Commerce-731. tml * THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT (R. A. 8792) AN OVERVIEW OF IT? S (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) IMPACT ON THE PHILIPPINE LEGAL SYSTEM(2005 006). ‘www. ustlawreview. com/pdf/vol. L/Articles/The_Electronic_Commerce_Act_RA_8792. pdf * What Is the Difference: Viruses, Worms, Trojans, and Bots? – Cisco Systems. (n. d. ). Cisco Systems, Inc. Retrieved from http://www. cisco. com/web/about/security/intelligence/virus-worm-diffs. html * What Is A Rootkit? (n. d. ). Internet / Network Security – Tips, Advice and Tutorials About Internet Security and Network Security. Retrieved from http://netsecurity. about. com/od/frequentlyaskedquestions/f/faq_rootkit. htm * Julian. (2011). 10 Most Notorious Acts of Corporate Espionage. Retrieved from http://www. businesspundit. com/10-most-notorious-acts-of-corporate-espionage/ * Katich, A. (2013). Anonymous (Annie Katich). Retrieved from http://socialactive. wordpress. com/2013/02/25/anonymous-annie-katich/ * Verini, J. (2010). The Great Cyberheist. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2010/11/14/magazine/14Hacker-t. html/ How to cite An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper, Essay examples

Philanthropy &Corporate Social Responsibility-Samples for Students

Question: What is the difference between Corporate Social Responsibility and Philanthropy? Illustrate with examples. Answer: Introduction: Corporate social responsibility and corporate philanthropy are closely related concepts and philanthropy is a part of social responsibility of business or organization. Both the concept have the potential of creating positive impact on the overall performance of company. A corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a program that is built by company based on shared experience. Corporate philanthropy is the dimension of corporate social responsibility (Kozlowski et al., 2015). Discussion: The concept of corporate social responsibility can be referred to as voluntary soft regulations that organizations adopt for improving several aspects of company such as issues relating to environmental, labor and human rights. There exist ambiguity in defining the corporate social responsibility concept despite several efforts to bring an unbiased definition. Employment of programs of corporate social responsibility is about companies taking actions and having responsibilities that is beyond their economic, business and legal obligations. On other hand, one of the specific type of activity involved in the CSR program of business is corporate philanthropy. It is the actions on part of corporations donating resources and profits to nonprofit companies. Corporate giving or philanthropy can either be done through corporate foundation or handled directly by corporation (Beare et al., 2014). Philanthropy is the primary and first CSR activity of many organizations and the charitable actions is done using corporate resources for engaging in activities such as charitable activities and donations and voluntary working by engaging personnel. Such activities does not seek any direct benefits to business and they take place outside the immediate business of organization. However, organizations or corporation are able improve their reputation by minimizing invasive public policy. Employment of activities of corporate social responsibility leads to collaboration and integration of shareholders with other group of stakeholders for building credibility, managing potential risks and trust creation in society. Philanthropy is considered as social and voluntary dimension of CSR activities as these activities are not prescribed by laws and it is more a voluntary actions of organization. CSR is understood by business activities that helps in addressing philanthropy that can be a source for non-government organization. From the perspective of company, philanthropy is about donating charities that leads to taking efforts for assisting distressful people by funding them. Some of the example of corporate philanthropy involves donating funds or money to orphanages, charities, old age homes, financing clothing and food to people hit by Tsunami and to countries that are hit by natural calamities. CSR activities adopted by organization is about the integration of economic, social and environmental considerations into the processes and decision making structures of business. Employment of such programs helps in producing direct benefits for the bottom line. Some of the examples of CSR activities of organization is recycling of materials and reduction of waste. An organization can have economic and environmental benefits simultaneously by adoption of co efficient actions (Ioannou Serafeim, 2014). This would help in generating positive profitability by contribution to stronger financial performance. Organizations are able to derive ample benefits for engaging in CSR activities. Such benefits involves development of better relations with stakeholders and communities, improved branding, innovation and productivity. CSR is becoming part of strategic behavior of increasingly small, medium and corporations operating at international level. Organization should not behave in a socially irresponsible way by dumping waste and chemicals into water bodies and creating pollution. The factor at core of CSR activities is performing business in an ethical and legal way. With regard to the concept of philanthropy, there are two types of such activities that is traditional philanthropy and strategic philanthropy. Former involves organization to devise and set strategy and outcome measurement in relation to companys interest (Milne Gray, 2013). On other hand, strategic philanthropy is designed in such a way that it taps companys expertise and bringing specialized knowledge to company. Carrolls social responsibility pyramid: (Source: Carroll et al., 2016) An organization can be called socially responsible if all the four level of responsibilities are met that is philanthropic responsibilities, ethical responsibilities, legal responsibilities and economic responsibilities. Philanthropic responsibilities of corporations is on the top of pyramid and according to this pyramid, every organization should incorporate philanthropy in their business policy as a part of their responsibility towards serving wellbeing of community. Nature of philanthropic activities is discretionary or voluntary in nature (Janek et al., 2016). Participation in such activities are guided by desire of business activities to engage in social activities. For fulfilling perceived philanthropic responsibilities of organization, an organization or corporation engage in variety of giving activities such as service and products donation, gifting monetary resources, community development, volunteerism by management and employees and other contribution to the group of stake holders that make up the community. Most of the times, business engage in philanthropic activities for augmenting reputation of their business and sometimes it is a utilitarian decision. Establishment of philanthropy as a part of strategic activity of company in socially responsible framework provide organization with immaterial importance, valuable and competitive advantage. Competitive position of organization is ensured by building reputation and image of company by performing philanthropic activities and overall activities of being corporate socially responsible (de Villiers Maroun, 2017). For promoting the aspects of being socially responsible and contribution of incorporating philanthropy, it is required by organization to explore more as it is depicted by trends that profit of organization is increased by social responsible economy. Conclusion: Corporations has the responsibility towards serving community and society besides thinking about probing return to shareholders and creating satisfaction for customer and employees. Some of the integral part of corporate social responsibility involves moral values, business ethics and environmental concerns. Philanthropic activities forms the integral part of organization being socially responsible. When an organization decides to contribute for any nonprofit cause by engaging in philanthropic activities, utilitarian calculation should be done by making comparison of benefits and cost of decision (Kozlowski et al., 2015). Social responsibility of organization can be met through philanthropic ventures that would help in enhancing reputation and image of company. References list: Beare, D., Buslovich, R., Searcy, C. (2014). Linkages between corporate sustainability reporting and public policy. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 21(6), 336-350. Carroll, R. J., Primo, D. M., Richter, B. K. (2016). Using item response theory to improve measurement in strategic management research: An application to corporate social responsibility.Strategic Management Journal,37(1), 66-85. de Villiers, C., Maroun, W. (Eds.). (2017). Sustainability Accounting and Integrated Reporting. Routledge. Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2014). The Consequences of Mandatory Corporate Sustainability Reporting: Evidence from Four Countries. Harvard Business School. Working Paper, 11-100, August 20, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2016 fromhttps://www. hbs. edu/faculty/Publication% 20Files/11-100_7f383b79-8dad-462d-90df-324e298acb49. pdf. James, M. L. (2015). THE BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABILITY AND INTEGRATED REPORTING: AN INVESTIGATION OF ACCOUNTING MAJORS'PERCEPTIONS. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 18(1), 1. Janek, C., Riccerib, F., Sangiorgia, D., Guthrie, J. (2016). Sustainability and integrated reporting: A case study of a large multinational organisation. Kozlowski, A., Searcy, C., Bardecki, M. (2015). Corporate sustainability reporting in the apparel industry: an analysis of indicators disclosed. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 64(3), 377-397. Milne, M. J., Gray, R. (2013). W (h) ither ecology? The triple bottom line, the global reporting initiative, and corporate sustainability reporting. Journal of business ethics, 118(1), 13-29.