External Factors Affecting Recruitment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

External Factors Affecting Recruitment - Article Example This article is an attempt to discuss some of the significant aspects of this area of study while focusing on the recruitment of entry-level staff in different organizations, and the effects different factors cause on them. Authors of the article has identified various factors in which, sources of the recruitment stands as one of the common external factors that affect the recruitment process in an organization. Nowadays, recruitment has become an intense and complex process of HR that involves advertising, interviews, categorization, and characterization of employees, etc. In the result, more and more organizations are now putting this responsibility on shoulders of external recruiters that play a significant role in affecting the recruitment procedure in the organization, especially the external recruitment where organizations seeks candidates from outside the organization. In addition, budget and cost are some another factors that also affect the recruitment process in the organizations, as it is an observation that companies often do not go for identifying candidates far away from the region of their organization due to higher costs of advertising and other expenses involved in the process. However, internet has resulted in ease of this process, and various organizations are not putting efforts to recruit individuals from the internet recruitment that has eliminated various factors of the past. One of the noteworthy attributes of this article is the inclusion of different factors based on the perceptions of recruitment officers of an organization rather than focusing primarily on the theoretical frameworks of the recruitment and HR process, which has been a common practice of authors globally. Besides sources of the recruitment, labor market is another significant factor that plays a crucial role in the success or failure of the recruitment process. In specific, supply and demand ratio in the labor market affects the planning of

Leadership Development Case Study

Leadership Development Case Study Student Name: Yu Bao Assumption1: Susan is an Authority-Compliance leader. This kind of leader just like Susan places heavy emphasis on task and job requirements, and less emphasis on people, except to the extent that people are tools for getting job done (Northouse 2017, p75). During Susans work, she likes to her staff have high efficiency and demonstrating strong organizational citizenship behavior. Assumption2: Susan and in-group members have high-quality leader-member exchanges. Mature partnership refers that high degree of reciprocity between leaders and followers (Northouse 2017, p143). In-group members are skilled in getting job done that cause General Manager trust Susan can get everything done. At the same time, members can gain more opportunities. Assumption3: Susan and out-group members are during stranger phase. During this phase leaders and followers relate to each other within prescribed organizational roles (Northouse 2017, p142). when out-group members have some mistakes or problems in work, Susan just asked the assistant managers to make a strict task criteria attached to solving the issues rather than talk to members who have some negative emotions. Assumption4: Susan is a Transactional leadership. This kind of leader is in the best interest of followers for them to do what the leader wants instead of focus on followers need and their personal development. Susan likes to train her staff to be more efficient and task-focused, and also doesnt suffer fools lightly. Its means she doesnt have patience to help some staff to develop their capacity. Assumption5: If Susan want to her staff getting better she needs to change her leadership to Transformational Leadership. Transformational leadership produces greater effects than transactional leadership. Whereas transactional leadership results in expects outcomes, transformational leadership results in performance that goes well beyond what is expected (Northouse 2017, p142). Question2 In this case, there are two kind of relationship between Susan and her staff. Susan is known as a heavy emphasis on task and efficiency. Under her leadership, she likes to see staff who shows highly organizational citizenship behaviors(OCBs). Because of that, a part of her staff who adapts to her style or willingness to get the job done form an in-group. In the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership, followers who are interested in negotiating with the leader what they are willing to do for the group can become a part of the in-group. In the meantime, leaders prefer to provide more information, opportunity, right to followers (Northouse 2017, p139). This is due to LMX makes the concept of the dyadic relationship the centerpiece of the leadership process (Northouse 2017, p146). It is focus on both leaders and followers perspective. In this way, followers also pay more attention, show more trust, provide more support to their leaders. As mentioned earlier, this kind of bi-directional theory will train a virtuous cycle. In other words, it will foster h igh-quality leader-member exchanges. Graen and Uhl-Bien (1991) suggested that leadership making develops progressively over time in three phases: (1) the stranger phase, (2) the acquaintance phase, and (3) the mature partnership phase. In Susans case, she and her in-group members are in the phases 3, they are highly efficient, getting things done, and also have more opportunity to new internal job as well as which is the most favored by management team. Overall, Susan and her in-group members have same goals and more egalitarian , the most important, they have a reciprocal influences to each other. On the other hand, Susans leader style is focus on task and job requirements. She does not like to sitting down and askingwhy. Because of this, a number of members who are oppose to Susans leading method become an out-group. followers in the out-group are less compatible with the leader and usually just come to work, do their job, and go home (Northouse 2017, p139). In this case, Johnson Fellows who is a member of out-group start to absent demonstrations of company products, morning teas and so on. After Susan hear about this, she just uses a transactional technical approach and never solved emotional states. Therefore, this situation become worse and worse. Susan and out-group members are in the stranger phase. The interactions in the leader-follower dyad generally is rule bound, relying heavily on contractual relationships. They have lower-quality exchanges. The motives of the follower during the stranger phase are directed toward self-interest rather than toward the good of the g roup (Graen Uhl-Bien 1995 ). Because of Susans leadership style, the out-group members are increasingly demonstrating. The LMX theory also has some criticisms, one of the most important drawback is the theory runs counter to the basic human value of fairness. it gives the appearance of discrimination against the out-group. (Northouse 2017 ,p147) It is perhaps the mean reason why Johnson does not attend to some meeting hostile to other staff. The felling about unfair will cause conflict and deteriorate relationship between leader and members. This situation would tend to low staff morale even to increasing the rote of staff turnover. Question3 In Ridgeway case, there are several problems. In the first place, staff is divided into two organize under Susans leading. In addition, because of Susan used modulating the emotional strategy during her work and does not acknowledge her staffs feeling as valid also not going to work to alleviate them. It causes that out-group members are dissatisfied to her. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, some staff who have worked for Ridgeway for more than 10 years miss and hope to the high-quality LMX. To the first problem, Followers in the in-group receive more information, influence, confidence, and concern from their leaders than do out-group followers (Northouse2017, p139), so that, out-group members have no chance to communicate with their manager, and also the manager would not waste time on contribute a high-quality LMX with members. After that, the relationship between Susan and out-group will be worse. The solution to this problem Susan should to spend more time on talk with the staff who have negative emotions and try to address the source of the problem. And also need her to treat every employee fairly. In this way, she maybe will enhance the quality of LMX. And try her best to narrow the gap between two group. To the second and third problem, Susan can use the strategies of interpersonal emotion management(IEM)In her case, she like to solve problems via strict task criteria instead of address why they have negative emotions. It makes a lot people resent her stance or complain her. Williams (2007) outlined four interpersonal emotion management strategies used to manage others emotions: situation modification, cognitive change, attentional deployment, and modulating the emotional response. (GootyWilliams 2016) Hence, there are two kinds of solutions. In short-term, Susan can use attentional deployment in this case. Attentional deployment involves distracting attention away from the elements of a situation. Susan can use humor distracting the follower in order to induce more positive emotions.it will reduce negative emotions over a period of time. By using this strategy, leader does not alleviate source of negative emotion in the environment. Meanwhile even though followers feel good at that time, after a few days or several times, they will feel leaders ignored their emotion and also not be concerned. GootyWilliams(2016) suggest Attentional deployment is a kind of emotion-focused IEM. And it will negatively relate to LMX. In this way, Susan just could use it during a period of time. In contrast, she can use situation modification or cognitive change in long-term. In her case, she has to change her mind, she can address why the staff do not want to attend the meeting and try to fix the problem by communicate with who has negative emotions. On the other hand, she also can courage the depress staff, show them the situation in a positive light, and everything will be better day by day. In both way, they are problem-focused strategy. Leader who use these strategies should attain 3 main points: met role expectations of the leader, create an attribution of benevolence, emotion rich communication in the relationship. After that, followers obligation is created, followers will fell their leader care about them and is watching out of them, and validated and promote open communicate of followers thought. Thus, LMX is enhanced, the core of IEMS is formed, the stage for the relationship better is set. (GootyWilliams 2016) Question4: Susans leader style is quite conform with Transactional Leadership. In this kind of leadership have two factors: Contingent reward and Management-by-exception. Contingent reward is an exchange process between leaders and followers in which effort by followers is exchanged for specified rewards. (Northouse 2017, p171) In Susans case, staff by improving the efficiency for more opportunities or appreciated from general manager. Management-by-exception It is leadership that involves corrective criticism, negative feedback, and negative reinforcement. (Northouse 2017, p171) Susan also using passive corrective criticism during her work. She gives employee a poor performance evaluation without ever talking with them about their prior work performance. Then she uses more negative reinforcement patterns to forcing staff depressive emotions and improving the efficiency. Meanwhile her method is quite similar with some part of Pseudotransformational leadership, which refers to leaders who are se lf-consumed, exploitive, and power oriented, with warped moral values. (Northouse 2017, p163) In brief, Susan always focus on her own goal instead of listens carefully to the needs of staff. She does not like her staff have different idea with her and would not give her subordinates more time to find a unique way to solve problems. For example: Ben and his group. If Susan want to change her leadership to transformational leadership, she has to following the four components of transformational leadership: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. (Northouse2017, p167) At first, individualized consideration, Susan needs to help her staff to achieve their true potential by considering their unique needs and desires. She should to find out why out-group members have negative emotions. she also can create a learning environment to solve the problems both in work and in emotions. Thus , it will help growth development. After that, be a charisma leader, using Idealized influence and inspirational motivation. Image of an attractive, realistic, and believable future to her staff, articulating a direction and then consistently implementing the direction even though the vision may have involved a high degree of uncertainty. (Northouse 2017, p173) In addition, instead of criticism show more benevolence and patience to staff and also need to expression high expectation to them. In this way Susan will be admired, trusted and respected by their followers. In the end, intellectual stimulation which means leaders challenge their followers to question long-held assumptions and approach old situations in novel ways, stimulating them to be more innovative and creative. à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Anderson Sun 2015à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ben already showed a kind of tendency that he want to solved the problem in a more creative way, but Susan was really hurried to the result. Maybe she should give him more time to done this on his own way. Follow these steps transformational approach can be implemented. But when Susan Implement this method she also need to be cautious to negative impacts of transformational leadership. Such as followers may have the tendency to free-ride on the transformation leaders social networks to conserve resources so they will perhaps be less likely to develop their own social networksà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Anderson Sun 2015à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °or followers will think leaders not be harsh if they slack on performance.(NgChua 2016) Question5: Unlike many of leadership theories, authentic leadership is still in the formative phase of development. Formulations about authentic leadership can be differentiated into two areas: (1) the practical approach; and (2) the theoretical approach. On the practical approach side: Bill George identifies five dimensions of authentic leadership: purpose, values, relationships, self-discipline, and heart. In Susans case, which aspects will appropriate to her are values, relationships and heart. Values or values and behave means leaders who have a clear idea of who they are, where they are going, and what the right thing is to do. (Northouse 2017, p199) In this aspect, Susan need to realize that she is a leader, she just need to uses her value guide her leadership instead of hands-on everything. Relationship refer to leaders have the capacity to open themselves up and establish a connection with others. Through mutual disclosure, leaders and followers develop a sense of trust and closeness. (Northouse 2017, p199). The mean reason that Susans staff opposition to her is she never talk to them and address the source of problems. It makes their relationship became distant and lack of trust. Therefore, she should to communicate with her subordinates to create a trusting relationship. Heart and compassion is an important aspect of AL. It refers to being sensitive to the plight of others, opening ones self to others, and being willing to help them. (Northouse 2017, p200) Susan like her staff have high efficiency and doesnt suffer fools lightly. But, as an AL she need to empathizing with others and try to help them pull through. On the theoretical approach side, Walumbwa identified four components: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency. In Susans case, balanced processing, and relational transparency will be appropriate. Balanced processing It refers to an individuals ability to analyze information objectively and explore other peoples opinions before making a decision. (Northouse 2017, p203) When Ben has different idea with Susan, as an AL, who will open about her own perspectives, but are also objective in considering others perspectives. In another word, she need give more time to Ben to complete his idea before her tell the GM. Relational transparency is about communicating openly and being real in relationships with others. As previously mentioned about relationship, Susan need to talk with her staff more not only Job-related but also about daily life. It is noteworthy that there are other factors such as positive psychological capacities, moral reasoning, and critical life events that influence authentic leadership. (Northouse 2017, p203) A lot of findings show that AL is directly and positively related to followers trust in the leader and the experience of positive emotions. (AgoteAramburu 2016) Susan could show more positive emotions just like confidence, hope and so on. It will have a positive impact to implement AL. List of references Agote, L. Aramburu, N. Lines, R. (2016), Authentic leadership perception, trust in the leader, and followers emotions in organizational change processes. The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, Vol. 52, (1), 35-63. Anderson, M. H. Sun, P. Y. T. (2015), The downside of transformation leadership when encouraging followers to network. The Leadership Quarterly, 26, 790-801. Graen, G. B., Uhl-Bien, M. (1991). The transformation of professionals into self-managing and partially self-designing contributions: Toward a theory of leadership making. Journal of Management Systems, 3(3), 33-48. Graen, G. B., Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level, multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. Little, L.M. Gooty, J. Williams, M. (2016), The role of leader emotion management in leader-member exchange and follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 27, 85-97. Northouse, P. G. (2016), Leadership: Theory Practice. Sage Edge. London Ng, K.Y., Chua, R.Y.J. (2006). Do I contribute more when I trust more? Differential effects of cognition- and affect-based trust. Management and Organization Review, 2, 4366.

Creating a Personal Electronic Home Room Security System Robot with Leg

Personal Electronic Home Room Security System-Bot Question: Is it possible to create a personal electronic home room security system with Lego’s Mindstorm kit? Hypothesis: If I use the Lego’s Mindstorm kit, I hypothesize that any type of security system is possible with legos because the freedom of using as many RCX blocks as possible allows room for larger and more complex robots, though the program NQC does have some limits to it. Background Research: Ever since the beginning of civilization, people had been searching ways to secure their own privacy from intruders. First, it was fire, the most basic form of security that scared unwary animals away, along with dangerously exposing one’s â€Å"clandestine† hideout to curious nature. Next came the actual fortification of structures and barricades, which provided temporary protection from unarmed thieves. Finally, after centuries of failed attempts of searching a flawless security system, the world entered the Information Age, where home security was given a complete renovation in safety and style. A typical home security system consists of an alarm system that sounds after an unwanted break-in. Motion sensors around the house may also trigger such an alarm, just in case if the burglar is already hiding out in the house after security is set. Paranoid housekeepers may also take the extra step of installing timed light systems, just to inform burglars that there is still life and activity within the house. However, the price is horrendously expensive. Nevertheless, one security system for the house is enough for the whole family†¦ unless, those pesky teenagers want one too. Subsequently, installation of nested alarm systems and motion sensors is rather inconvenie... ... further studies, future creators can remedy this problem by developing new ways for two RCX to communicate with each other, such as touch sensors that are attached to both RCX’s, or the usage of laser communication. One other problem is the exposure of the RCX blocks that can allow intruders to simply turn off the blocks to shut off the alarm system. This can be fixed by developing automatic enclosing boxes that lock over the open RCX’s when password is set. The idea of multiplexing sensors without the usage of extra hand-created pieces is another important research that can allow more convenient robots and even a numeric pad controlled security system. With these studies, paranoid room securers may someday finally find peace in the security they have. References: Baum, David. Definitive Guide to LEGO MINDSTORMS: Second Edition. New York, Apress 2003

Critical Evaluation of the Benefits and Limitations of Using Ict in Knowledge Management Processes Essay

1. 0 Introduction Knowledge management can be considered to be an essential strategic function in any organisation today. As the world becomes more globalised, and traditional structures of intermediation are removed whilst new ones are created, it is clear that knowledge, and consequently a learning organisation is one that is more likely to find unique sources of competitive advantage, and be able to develop sustainable competitive strategies in the long term. A number of different processes and sub-processes have been identified with knowledge management, such as knowledge generation, knowledge codification, and knowledge transfer or realisation (Grover and Davenport, 2001). Nonaka (1994) suggests that knowledge itself is created through the conversion between tacit and explicit knowledge, through the processes of socialisation, internalisation, externalisation, and combination. Technology has often been used to facilitate and support the processes involved in knowledge management. Knowledge management is essential for sustaining the growth of an organisation and ensuring its success. From the perspective of investors, the worth or value of an organisation is as a result of its ability to strategically retain and generate knowledge that facilitates the organisation’s business activity. The sharing of practices throughout the organisational hierarchy, and adoption of effective techniques formulated by individuals having great expertise in the relevant field can help to improve the efficiency of the business activity. Yet the intertwining of knowledge management processes and information and communication technologies (ICT) may blind knowledge managers to the shortcomings of the use of ICT in knowledge management processes. This essay therefore seeks to present a critical evaluation of the benefits and limitations of ICT in knowledge management processes. 2. 0 Benefits of Using ICT Knowledge management is essential for sustaining the growth of an organisation. From the perspective of investors, the worth or value of an organisation is as a result of its ability to strategically retain and generate knowledge that facilitates the organisation’s business activity. The sharing of practices throughout the organisational hierarchy, and adoption of effective techniques formulated by individuals having great expertise in the relevant field can help to improve the efficiency of the business activity. Wenger et al (2010) explain that one of the main advantages of technology is that it has allowed communities to interact in new ways. In fact, new technology that was developed to facilitate interaction between communities was often the result of a need that was felt by these communities, for a tool to facilitate interaction within the community. The technology tools help communities to bridge problems such as time and space, participation and reification, etc. Examples of such tools include the Internet itself, wikis, etc. In terms of knowledge management processes, these communication tools are important because they facilitate communication between two or more people, and consequently tacit knowledge sharing within the community. Kelly (2009) explains that the technological dimensions are part and parcel of effective knowledge management. Some of the technologies which are essential for modern knowledge management processes include business intelligence, CRM (Customer relationship management software), collaboration, distributed learning, knowledge mapping, etc. Databases can be used as knowledge repositories, as well as for storing structured and unstructured knowledge; they may also be used to identify the people (tacit knowledge holders) within the organisation. Each of these different set of technological tools facilitate different knowledge management processes. For example, business intelligence software allows the firm to create knowledge about its competitors, and the broader economic environment. Collaboration and distributed learning technologies allows individuals within the organisation to communicate and share knowledge, allowing for geographical and structural barriers to be overcome. This is especially important in today’s globalised world. Technology simplifies the flow of knowledge and accelerates its dissemination and assimilation. Knowledge discovery technologies allow the firm to find new knowledge, either within the organisation itself, or outside; knowledge mapping technologies facilitate the tracking of knowledge sources effectively, etc. Overall, it can be said that the different aspects of knowledge creation, transfer and storage is facilitated through technological infrastructure. Introducing technology in knowledge management will reduce redundancy in the activities of an organisation. It can enhance productivity and can be used for skill development. Promoting client value can also simplified by using technology for knowledge management. Improved and efficient use of knowledge management offers competitive benefits in the market. It leverages an organisation and makes it better prepared to face uncertainties both on a local and global scale. The sharing of practices, techniques and information with partners around the globe, made easy by technology can help streamline business processes which otherwise may be inefficient and wasteful i. e. aligning the organisational objectives with the available resources to successfully conduct the business activity can be greatly enhanced with the use of technology in knowledge management. Zack, 1999) 3. 0 Limitations of Using ICT Boland et al (2004) opine that much of the effort to design information technology to support some of the higher level knowledge management functions such as cognition and decision making at the managerial level have severe shortcomings. They highlight some of the problems inherent with using ICT such functions, explaining that as the collection of representations grows, as in hypertext, it becomes increasingly difficult to navigate through the collection. Help is required, and this help is the price that has to be paid for richer communication. Then there is multiplicity, where each of the actors have their own interpretations of the same situation; these multiple interpretations are required in order to support individual reflective thought as well as group dialog. Clearly, technology is not sufficiently advanced yet to support these high level rich communication that is required for knowledge management. Roberts (2010) is rather critical of the ability of ICT to contribute to knowledge transfer, especially tacit knowledge transfer. She states that technology has been proven to be very useful for the transfer of codified knowledge, i. . explicit knowledge, but is still relatively less useful for the transfer of tacit knowledge. Furthermore, the impact of ICT on the production processes even in the knowledge based economy of today, which is highly dependent on technology, is unevenly distributed. This is because technology is yet to be able to replace, much less enhance certain forms of human interaction. Roberts (ibid) further explains that knowledge is a very complex construct, resulting in technology being inadequate to fully facilitate knowledge transfer (esp. acit knowledge). For example, she highlights that tacit knowledge transfer requires antecedents such as trust, mutual understanding, and many other factors that can be established only through face to face interaction (Jarvenpaa and Leidner, 1998). Hislop (2002) explains that the sharing of knowledge between communities is very complex and not straightforward. Different organisations may experience different problems with the sharing of knowledge, because of different factors. Any application of technology for the purposes of knowledge sharing therefore should take into account the potential difficulties involved in knowledge sharing across communities. Knowledge sharing within communities is made more complex also when there is a lack of the sense of collective identity as well as a significant common knowledge base. Divergent identities means that there may be perceived or actual differences in interest between two or more communities, creating a potential for conflict. Walsham (2001) provides many examples of where ICT is inadequate for knowledge management. For example, he shows that the knowledge management processes are particularly complex when working across different cultures. The workers in different cultures based their specialist expertise on different foundations (such as experience, or theoretical knowledge) resulting in different methods of knowledge transmission through the product cycle. These different workers from different cultures would then give different degrees of importance to technology, and the different emphases on face to face contact. Walsham (ibid) further suggests that the role of technology in knowledge management processes is limited to facilitating communication, such as through the creation of safe enclaves for online communication. He also stresses that the use of technology should be context-dependant. In fact, Newell et al (in Prichard, 2000) rightly point out that technology has been considered to be essential in knowledge management, but is actually based on ‘nebulous concepts’. However, the increasing pervasiveness of technology in organisations, and the different ways in which it can be put to use creates its own problems. They explain that the routine use and reliance on IT cuts across different managerial specialisms, and increases the levels of uncertainty about the relationship between the use of the technology and the pursuit of the organisational goals. This means that many organisations perhaps adopt technology for the sake of adopting technology. However, this should not be the case, as IT is just a tool like any other, to be used to achieve a particular purpose. The relative sophistication of the tool tends to blind managers as to the fact that it is a tool, and using the tool becomes the goal. This is detrimental to the organisation’s long term prospects. Hislop (2010) explains that it is the fundamental nature of knowledge that makes it extremely difficult for technology to play a central role in the knowledge sharing processes. This is because very specific conditions are required for ICT-based knowledge sharing to take place successfully. From the practical perspective, the tacit and explicit division of types of knowledge has worked well; viewing knowledge through a different lens does not do away with the problems that arise when technology is to be used in the knowledge management processes. McKinlay (2002) also points out that there may be other dangers associated with the over reliance on technology for knowledge management. For example, he explains that team work is used for knowledge sharing, because it was able to result in the extraction of tacit knowledge hidden in the routines of team work; this extraction of tacit knowledge could then allow for its conversion into codified knowledge. If team work were to be abolished totally, then the team working routines which facilitated the extraction of the tacit knowledge would not take place; consequently, the extraction of tacit knowledge would also not take place. Furthermore, he points out that the use of technology often results in formal working practises. However, there are ‘relatively frubby and pedestrian forms of knowledge’ that are very important for knowledge creation, in the form of radical product and process innovation. From this it can be seen that the over emphasis on the use of technology in knowledge management can actually be counter productive, and result in less effective knowledge management. Jackson (1999) explains that one of the major problems with the use of technology in knowledge management processes is that both technological and business changes are taking place at a very rapid pace. This means that human beings have very little time to get to grip with the change, and assess the impact of these changes. There is also consequently even less time for reflection on the type of systems and competencies needed, and to create new configurations of work based on these new technologies. In addition to this there is also the issue of cost effectiveness, which underlies all effort in the business environment. If any task is not cost effective, it should not be undertaken. However, the pace of progress of technology cannot be predicted, and this undermines the cost efficiency of any effort relating to the assessment and effective implementation of technology in knowledge management processes. Overall, it can be said that it is clear that the blind use of technology in knowledge management processes has a number of disadvantages which should not be ignored by any good knowledge manager. 3. 0 Conclusion Clearly, the role of ICT in knowledge management is one that is evolving. This is because not only is knowledge management itself evolving, but technology itself is developing at a rapid pace. ICTs have been shown to bring a number of benefits to the various knowledge management processes, and can be considered to be essential for these processes. However, it was also shown that ICTs are not sufficiently developed to be able to replace face to face interaction in knowledge management processes. In fact, it is shown that ICT is still highly inadequate in replacing the antecedents required for higher level knowledge management processes that are provided by face to face communications. Hence it can be said that knowledge managers must use ICT in a considered manner. Neither can they ignore the benefits of ICT to some knowledge management processes, nor can they ignore the limitations of ICT for the other knowledge management processes.

Xbrl

The Next Technology Revolution XML XBRL 1 Today’s Objectives †¢ Overview of XML & XBRL †¢ Show you how this technology makes doing EBusiness: – Faster – Cheaper – Better †¢ Conclusion 2 Let’s move up the Value Chain Transactions Data Information Knowledge Decisions Transactions Data Information Knowledge Decisions Transactions Data Information Knowledge Decisions Transactions Data Information Knowledge Decisions 3 Evolution to Web Services Web Program the Web Browse the Web Web Services Text Files Web Pages Innovation FTP, E-Mail, Gopher Connectivity TCP/IP HTML XML 4 Automation Presentation Technology XMLXML stands for: eXtensible Markup Language Universally accepted method of exchanging information 5 eXtensible Markup Language †¢ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is a meta markup language the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) considers a universal standard for describing both structured data and the behavior of applications that process the language . 6 What Is XML? †¢ â€Å"XML is a platform-independent, self-describing, expandable, standard data exchange format 7 XML is Platform Independent †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Windows Unix Macintosh Mainframe Linux 8 XML is Self-Describing Self†¢ Example: – July 26, 1998 †¢ Describes the information, not the presentation †¢ Format neutral XML is Expandable †¢ Whereas HTML has a fixed set of tags – , , †¢ XML lets you create your own tags – – – 10 How does it work? †¢ XML gives meaning to information through the use of tags Saad Hafizi COB Chairman, Novac 21 Caution.. †¦Just because something is .. Does not mean it is accurate? 11 The XML Puzzle XML Document Core Schema Transformation Tools Industry Specific Vocabularies Company Specific Vocabulary 12 How XML Works How XML Works Improves the way companies — and applications — share information Enjoys strong industry and vendor support 13 What is ‘XML’? †¢ What XML is Not – Not a religion. Not the solution to all world problems. – Not a solution for all electronic commerce problems. – Not a solution to all legal-technology problems. †¢ XML is a Tool – XML is a Really Cool (Powerful) Tool! – Like all tools, XML can be used wisely and unwisely. 14 Why is XML so Important? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Portable Vendor neutral Readable data format More flexible and easier to use than EDI All major software products are becoming â€Å"XML† enabled †¢ Defacto standards for data exchange †¢ Enabling new levels of interoperability 15 XML †¢ Widely expected to reduce cost of publishing to the Net by as much as 50%. And by next year Gartner Group prediction 70% of all B2B transactions executed on the Web will be done using XML. 16 Who defines the tags? †¢ Tags are defined by industry consortiums †¢ Each industry’s stan dard tags are commonly referred to as a taxonomy 17 â€Å"Content in Context† (Industry-specific) Auto Industry Chemical Industry Publishing or Mythology Music Industry Aerospace Astronomy 18 Who’s Building Taxonomies? Accounting Economics EDI Healthcare Legal Publishing Science Advertising Architecture Communication E-Commerce Financial Insurance News Retail Supply Chain 19 Automotive Banking Education ERP HR Music Real Estate SoftwareDefines Tags 20 XBRL International is gaining strength †¢ XBRL activities occurring in— – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – United States Canada Australia China & Hong Kong Japan Malaysia New Zealand Singapore Taiwan Germany India Ireland Netherlands Nordic Federation (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) South Africa Spain Switzerland United Kingdom †¢ And on a global level through the— – Inter national Accounting Standards Council – International Press Telecommunications Council – International Standards Organization 21 XBRL International is gaining strength †¢ On a Global level through the— – – International Accounting Standards Council International Press Telecommunications Council International Standards Organization †¢ On a Country Level: – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – United States Canada Australia China & Hong Kong Japan Malaysia New Zealand Singapore Taiwan Germany India Ireland Netherlands Nordic Federation (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) South Africa Spain Switzerland United Kingdom 22 XBRL Impact â€Å"The explosive growth of the Internet is not only changing the way companies conduct their business, it also promises to forever alter the way they communicate business performance. – CFO M agazine, February 2000 23 XBRL Documents †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ XBRL for Financial Statements XBRL for General Ledger XBRL for Journal Entry Reporting XBRL for Credit Reporting XBRL for Performance Press Releases XBRL for Risk Reporting XBRL for Regulatory Filings XBRL for Tax Filings XBRL for Assurance Schedules XBRL for Authoritative Literature XBRL for â€Å"Business† Reporting 24 Who’s Embracing XML now? †¢ Software developers Using XML as the core technology for new products †¢ Database developers Building XML support into their products. †¢ Industry groups Deciding how information should be shared. Organizations Investigating how to tie their inter and intra company processes together. 25 †¢ XML for Financial Reporting †¢ Enables a dramatic improvement in the processing of financial reports †¢ XBRL documents can be— – – – – – Pr epared efficiently Exchanged reliably Published more easily Analyzed quickly Retrieved by investors simply to enable smarter investments 26 Benefits †¢ XBRL is: – NOT a new accounting standards but enhances the distribution and usability of existing financial statement information – Enabler and an extension for relational database functionality for all financial statement information 7 Problems XBRL Addresses †¢ Ineffective communication to investors †¢ Inefficient aggregation and analysis †¢ Inefficient creation of financial statements 28 Why XBRL ? Enable business reporting that leverages the Internet & XML Effective access and analysis of business reports Improve corporate communications with stakeholders 29 Who benefits Process Benefits: Lowering Financial Reporting Cost †¢ Today’s external reporting processes – Rework and delay – Ad hoc and non repeatable – No path forward Accounting System Explanatory Text Thir d Party Information Printed Financials Regulatory FilingsWeb Site Tax Return Trade Filings 30 Who benefits Process Benefits: Lowering Financial Reporting Cost †¢ Common interchange format and storage is good information management practice – Reduces redundancies & discrepancies – Repeatable processes using tools – A platform for continuous reporting Accounting System Explanatory Text Third Party Information XBRL Documents Printed Financials Regulatory Filings Web Site Tax Return Trade Filings 31 XBRL: Interoperability & Multiple Uses G/L Package ERP XBRL Custom Developed Systems US GAAP Financial Statement In English US GAAP Financial Statement In DutchUS GAAP Financial Statement to the Web US GAAP Financial Statement to Print XBRL Other Sources of Information XBRL Other Sources of Information Other Sources of Information US GAAP Financial Statement to Cell Phone XBRL: Interoperability & Multiple Uses G/L Package ERP US GAAP Financial Statement Investors & Creditors XBRL Custom Developed Systems EDGAR Filing XBRL Tax Filing XBRL Government Other Sources of Information Bank Filing XBRL News Agencies And Others Other Sources of Information Other Sources of Information Press Release Once Every Event is tagged in XBRL†¦ G/L Package ERPIAS Financial Statement in German US GAAP Financial Statement In English French Tax Filing Investors & Creditors XBRL Custom Developed Systems XBRL XBRL Government Other Sources of Information Canadian Banking Filing XBRL News Agencies And Others Other Sources of Information Other Sources of Information EDGAR 10k line item via Cell Phone XBRL Working Model: Planned Specifications XBRL for G/L Journal Entry Reporting XBRL for Financial Statements XBRL for EDGAR Filings Processes Business Operations Internal Financial Reporting External Financial Reporting Investment and Lending AnalysisXBRL for Business Event Reporting XBRL for Tax Filings Financial Publishers and Data Aggregators Participants Companies Investors Trading Partners Management Accountants Auditors Regulators Software Vendors XBRL: not a Transaction Protocol What it is †¢ XBRL is merely a format to serialize complex, structured financial data: e. g. , statements, G/Ls. †¢ Therefore, it cannot replace OFX, ebXML, ANSI X. 12 Trans Set 821, OMG G/L Spec, †¦ †¢ Future message sets in those protocols could include XBRL tagged data if they need to send financial statements in the message body. XBRL provides a framework and an AICPA approved vocabulary that can be extended to many other reporting frameworks. 36 XBRL: not an accounting standard †¢ Means of communicating – Current GAAP – Current practice †¢ Flexible standard – Future standards – Future general practice 37 XBRL: A Fragment of a Raw Data Raw Data in Spreadsheet Company Coca Cola Co. Coca Cola Co. Financial Statement Balance Sheet Line Item CurrentAssets. Cashand CashEquivalents CurrentAssets. Cashand CashE quivalents Label CurrentAssets. Cashand CashEquivalents CurrentAssets.Cashand CashEquivalents Year 1999 Value 1611 Balance Sheet 1998 1648 Same Raw Data in XML (XBRL) Format $1,611 $1,648 38 39 What software ‘sees’ is the differentiator and drives benefits (here is an example) 40 Importance of Reporting â€Å" [W]hat excites the CEO is the ability to know what the business is doing at any given point in time, react quickly to market shifts and competitive threats and remain in tight control while empowering employees to make informed decisions more quickly. Year End Earnings Release Call August 10, 1999 John Chambers Cisco CEO † 41 â€Å" Virtual Close TheBest Practice has, in my opinion, just as much impact on a company’s future success or lack thereof as the wellpublished e-commerce area. Year End Earnings Release Call August 10, 1999 John Chambers Cisco CEO † 42 XBRL Impact †¢ â€Å" †¦ If Europe moves quickly to take up these standard s, it could give them an attractive lead in the race to accessible and comparative key data that would stimulate investor interest. It would undoubtedly spawn a plethora of research tools that would be useful to both private and professional investors. † †¢ †¢ – Investors Chronicle, August 9, 2000 43XBRL and the Emergence of ‘e‘eStandards’ †¢ E-Standards are fundamental †¢ HTML is the standard that enabled the web’s first ‘Big Step’ †¢ XML is the web’s next ‘Big Step’ – Over 200 XML-Based Specifications and Protocols exist, including— †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ RosettaNet – computer company supply chain and trading webs OBI – Open Buying on the Internet – retail e-commerce FpML – Financial Products (Derivatives, Swaps, FX) ACORD XML – Insurance industry information exchange standards derived from EDI. – UN/CEFAC = EBXML †¢ XBRL is uniquely focused on financial reporting 44 Standard . orgs (reporting vs ‘e’)Accounting / Auditing Reporting ASB IASC FASB IFAC SEC Territory Institutes ‘e-Business’ W3C OASIS;UN/CEFAC T (ebxml) xml. org RosettaNet ACORD What about these? CPAs participate / lead in these The range of what is under development today †¦ HR CRM â€Å"Horizontals† (Infrastructure) there are others†¦.. XBRL is uniquely focused on Etc. business reporting CHEMX RosettaNet ACORD FpML ANX â€Å"Verticals† (Industry Supply Chains) there are others†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. XBRL Adds Reporting to E-Commerce ETax One way Regulators Investors Creditors Lenders Website One way Aggregators BUSINESS ERP G/L Packages CRM 2-way SuppliersTransaction Creation 2-way †¢Orders †¢A/P †¢Delivery †¢Orders †¢A/R †¢Delivery Customers 47 XBRL Adds Reporting to E-Commerce ETax One way Regulators Investors Creditors Lenders Website One way Aggregators B USINESS G/L Packages ERP CRM BUSINESS REPORTING XBRL 2-way Suppliers Transaction Creation 2-way (e-)Commerce OTHER XML INITIATIVES †¢Orders †¢A/P †¢Delivery †¢Orders †¢A/R †¢Delivery Customers 48 XBRL – What Key XBRL Components †¢ XBRL / XML Specification (XBRL. org) – Global architecture/technology †¢ XBRL hierarchical vocabulary (jurisdiction/industry) – Dictionary of terms by jurisdiction/industry sector Style Sheets †¢ XBRL enabled tools (preparer) (market) 49 Key to our Success Market driven model – Start simple, be inclusive Broad supply chain participation Members support XBRL Members do not compete on the â€Å"framework† Build structure & systems to support open community & market development 50 Steps in Technology Acceptance Acceptance Simplification/Tools Taxonomy Visionaries 51 Financial Institutions—and their Users Institutions— †¢ SMALL BUSINESS provides FINANCIAL INSTITU TION with their information in XBRL and receives loan approval in less than a day instead of two days—or two weeks.Average Time for Loan Processing—1. 75 days Value-added Analysis and Decision-making? 90% + time spent on Mechanics Less Risk With => Better Or Mechanics Analysis Mechanics Analysis Mechanics Analysis Mechanics Analysis Process more loans in the same amount of time 52 Benefits to Today's Users †¢ 1. Reduce cost of analyzing and reporting financial information †¢ 2. Increase speed and efficiency of business decisions 3. Enhance the distribution and access of existing financial statement information 4. More readily exchanged 5. Increase and enhance analysis 53 Benefits †¢ 1.Reduce cost of analyzing and reporting financial information †¢ 2. Increase the speed and efficiency of business decisions †¢ 3. Enhance the distribution and usability of existing financial statement information 54 Example: Cost Reduction †¢ International Sub sidiaries: †¢ Large multi-national corporation uses XBRL to quickly roll–up, analyze and publish the financial statements of numerous subsidiaries— †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ in different countries with different languages using different GAAP on different computer systems 55 Benefits †¢ 1. Reduce cost of analyzing and reporting financial information †¢ 2.Increase the speed and efficiency of business decisions †¢ 3. Enhance the distribution and usability of existing financial statement information 56 Example: Efficient Decisions †¢ Major mutual fund company feeds XBRL-ized information to customers to differentiate their funds as more objective and reliable investments †¢ An investor uses XBRL to compare the financials for a range of companies— – Belonging to different revenue levels – Located within an industry sector – Along multiple analytical criteria 57 Benefits †¢ 1. Reduce cost of analyzing and r eporting financial information †¢ 2.Increase the speed and efficiency of business decisions †¢ 3. Enhance the distribution and usability of existing financial statement information 58 †¢ Loan Approval: Example: Credit – Small Business provides Bank with their financial information in XBRL and receives loan approval in 1 minute instead of 2 days †¢ Credit Approval: – Company approves customer credit request with automated assessment processes facilitated by XBRL †¢ Line of Credit: – Company provides capital markets with financial information in XBRL and receives expedited line of credit 59 XML Shortcomings?Not a replacement for integration and middleware tools Lots of Hype, not a solution for everything There are many different standards among industries Standards still evolving But, you can’t wait while the standards evolve†¦. 60 XBRL Development & Adoption Final Thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Change is not what it used to be†¦ .. Change has become a process; it’s become a permanent part of the external environment 62 Summary †¢ FASTER – BETTER †¢ CHEAPER †¢ Our profession will have to follow technology and record business activity in an real-time mode. 63 Concluding Remarks .. 64

Leonardo Fibonacci essays

Leonardo Fibonacci essays Leonardo Fibonacci was born in Pisa, Italy around 1175 to Guilielmo Bonacci. Leonardos father was the secretary of the Republic of Pisa and directed the Pisan trading colony. His father intended on Leonardo becoming a merchant. His father enlisted him in the Pisan Republic, sending him to various countries. As Leonardo continued to travel with his father, he acquired mathematical skills while in Bugia. Fibonacci continued to study throughout his travels, which ended around the year 1200. Leonardo began writing books on number theory, practical problems of business mathematics, surveying, advanced problems in algebra and recreational mathematics. Leonardos recreational problems became known as story problems and became mental challenges in the 13th century. Of all the books he wrote we still have copies of Liber abbaci (1202), Practica geometriae (1220), Flos (1225), and Liber Quadratorum. Sadly his books on commercial arithmetic Di minor guisa is lost as well as his commentary on Book X Euclids Elements. One of Leonardos contributions to mathematics was his introducing the Decimal Number system into Europe. He was one of the first people to introduce the Hindus of those problems are, A spider climbs so many feet up a wall each day and slips back a fixed number each night, how many days does it take him to climb the wall. These problems became quite popular. Another accomplishment was his forming the Fibonacci Series. It is a series of number in which each member is the sum of the two preceding numbers. For example, a series beginning 0, 1 ... continues as 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so forth. The exact period of this discovery is not known. Leonardo was a bright man, but left mu ...

buy custom The Concept of Leadership Traits essay

buy custom The Concept of Leadership Traits essay Leadership traits can be defined as the inbuilt patterns of individual characteristics that depict varying character differences and further reliability leader effectiveness across a range of organizational or groups situations. A successful leader is always associated with traits like integrity, commitments to growth, readiness to take risks, responsibility, pragmatism, and at the same time such person is vision oriented, self-assured, hardworking, emotionally intelligent, able to engage others in work, industrious, and optimistic. The particular characteristics possessed by an individual are very important in determining what kind of a leader one can be. Personality and intelligence are some of the significance traits that one can have. The term personality implies the uniqueness of an individual that is responsible for the constant ways of thoughts, sensation and behavior. There are many different types of personalities most of which are not appropriate for a leader. A successful leader is identified with such certain traits as extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, openness to new constancy, and conscientiousness. The term extraversion refers to the characteristic of one, who has the associative traits of being talkative, self-assured, energetic, and always having the urge to appear on stage. A person with this kind of trait always tries to dominate over his or her fellows. Being agreeable has a meaning of being attentive to needs of others, considerate, pleasant, trusting, and appreciative. Extroverts have the ability to have more associates than introverts. Being highly agreeable makes one to have more friends as this creates a favorable environment for association. Emotional stability, the degree to which a person stays cool even under tight conditions and is able to handle tough situations, is necessary for success as a leader. A leader who is open to new changes and experiences is ready for success. This is due to the fact that he or she will be able bring innovation by proving to be insightful and providing the staff with imaginative ideas and wide areas of interest to work on. The perso nality, conscientiousness and diigence are also necessary. This implies one having the qualities to plan and achieve through being organized. This trait is very important as it carries the weight of other traits such as integrity, pragmatism, vision-orientation, responsibility, commitment to growth and enthusiasm. The level of leader intelligence is an important factor in determining the kind of a leader one is. A high degree of intelligence is needed for one to become a successful leader. Super leaders are not born bright, but aim to become bright (Goleman, 1995). A leader should be able to determine the vision of a business, as he or she is the foundation of a viable business advantage. He or she should be able to read the moods of a business and determine what is best for the team. Helping the team to achieve their personal goals should be an aim, as it results into a highly competitive business. The most important kind of leadership intelligence for a successful leader is the emotional intelligence, which combines competencies. It describes the ability of a leader to be self-aware, have social skills like giving the attractive responses, be empathetic, motivate others, and lastly be able to self-manage oneself. Furthermore, successful leaders are willing to learn and take risks, as long as the final result is to favor the business. There are various theories and studies that discuss leadership traits. Amongst them are the Trait theory, Behavioral theories, The Great Man theory, Situation theories, Contingency theories, Relationships theories, Management theories and Participation theories. The Trait theory basically suggests that already at birth leaders have certain traits associated with proficient leadership. This implies that leadership traits are naturally part of someone from birth. This theory assumes that leaders are born and not made. It could be true for some leaders to have developed the leadership characteristics from their childhood, but it is still questionable. Some leaders realize their potentials when grown up. This theory identifies potential leaders. The second theory is the Behavioral theory, whhich suggests that upcoming leaders can be trained by the leadership preparation competencies to become effective leaders. After the training, they can become the best ever leaders. It is based on the belief that leaders are made through training and exposure, and not born like that. It notes that the leadership capabilities can be arrived at by learning and not through inheritance. The theory is easy to develop and eases the assessment of leaders actions and success. While the Trait theory advocates for potential leaders, this theory advocates for the behaviors that lead to a successful leader. Theory X and Y is a Trait theory proposed by Douglas McGregor in 1960. This theory compares two groups of individuals. X is viewed as an individual who dislikes to work and works on subjection to strict conditions, always wants to be directed, dislikes responsibilities, and has a feeling of safety at work. Y has the qualities that are contrary to those of X, which are needed for successful leadership. X is attributed to hard and low level work, while Y is attributed to solving complex tasks and high ranks. This theory tends to prove that leadership is an innate predisposition that one has. Basing on the Contingency theories, we propose Exposure Theory. In this theory, we suggest that great leaders are produced as a result of exposing oneself to an environment with the required leadership. Those individuals who are born in families of high profile leaders and those who naturally associate with proficient leaders make good leaders by learning to emulate their style. The unexposed ones remain to be wishers of leadership, but have no way of acquiring the traits due to the fact that they cannot learn them. Some individuals have the ability to be good leaders but lack the possibilities to learn. The good leaders excel in education and exposure to the environments. Leadership is what you make it. One who aspires to be a leader and works towards achieving this goal is more likely to be one. Becoming a successful leader means having the necessary characteristic traits, such as intelligence, personalities and other quality leadership skills. Buy custom The Concept of Leadership Traits essay

How My Editor Helped Me Understand Historical Fiction • The Reedsy Blog

How My Editor Helped Me Understand Historical Fiction The Reedsy Blog How My Editor Helped Me Understand Historical Fiction Dan Cross' debut novel, Caesar of Mercenaries, has been shortlisted for the 2018 Wilbur Smith Adventure Writing Award. In this post, he talks about the responsibility historical fiction writers have when it comes to blending fact and fiction - and the advice his editor ultimately gave him that set him on the path to success.I have long possessed a fascination with history. I find it incredible how extraordinary events can be traced back, sometimes hundreds of years, to seemingly innocuous moments.Even more fascinating: some of these moments are due to the actions of one person or a small group who remain relatively unknown today. To me, these men and women are the lost champions of human history, and I delight in using my other passion, writing, to bring them into contemporary consciousness and to give them personalities worth remembering.Historical fiction is enjoying something of a resurgence in popular media today, including television and video gaming. But in no other medium is it more prevalent than the written word. From Ken Follett’s The Pillars of the Earth to Phillipa Gregory’s The Other Boleyn Girl, there are countless examples of authors reimagining past lives and events to create an entertaining and educational story.Caesar of MercenariesIn 2017, I learned of Captain Roger de Flor: a Templar who became a pirate, and then later the Megas Doux (or Caesar) of Constantinople. Reading the little information in the historical record, I became fascinated by this man and his adventures across the world. I wondered why Hollywood hadn’t made a movie about him yet, and then became excited about the prospect that I could be the one to tell his story. (You can read the synopsis for Caesar of Mercenaries here). Are you a historical fiction writer who's straddled the line between fact and fiction? Leave any questions or comments for Dan Cross in the comments below!

Sociology of sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sociology of sports - Essay Example and the inclusion of sports proves to be factored in to create the general feel of the social class, part of which is the routine that determines their habits. Involvement in sports is not for mere recreation only. Most people in democratic countries find sports as a recreation that cannot be afforded by the middle and lower class at regular intervals. While the white collar workers have a day off to enjoy themselves, the less privileged are not as fortunate. Usually sports enter the life of lenient families during Sundays when the park is littered by middle class families that have pronounced it a holiday. Meanwhile, the upper class families tend to go to golf clubs or enjoy themselves in tennis matches and the likes. It is also a common affair to spend recreational brainstorming during play offs and seasonal charters after a pool game. Although these do not necessarily affect the outcome of the events precursor to their appointment, seeing the environment as a relaxed environment helps lessen stress. It is not uncommon for movies including royalties to be displayed with racket or fencing sword in hand. This is an embodiment of the idea that to be accepted in the noble circle one must be adept at sciences as well as the arts. The fusion of arts and sciences make for powerful aristocrats, and veering away from it by means of not practicing the services of sports is simply inacceptable. It is also not common for the British royalties to be personified as observant when it comes to talents of commoners, and their involvement with individuals with such prowess in sports is evident. Football games and Badminton tournaments are also sometimes visited by important individuals. It seems that their presence marks the importance of the game, especially when they have a significant opinion about the game afterwards. It is from their example that people believed that watching sports is the in thing to do. Not only does it give any person access to the latest happenings,

The Terror of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Terror of War - Essay Example These arguments sound convincing and appear to be more dramatic. However, times have changed now. In this new century, we do not face an enemy who appears to have no face; nor cares of human, moral and ethical standards; nor is respecting any human social values. Such people use violence to force their hateful ideology. For them, violence, killing, terrorism are the only way to bring about their ideology. Al-Qaeda and its terrorist groups around the world have a dangerous and inhumane agenda. Al-Qaeda contributes insurgencies, rebellions and local brands of terrorism (Coolsaet, 2005; pp.100). Under this agenda, they subscribe to a particular doctrine. And, that doctrine dictates them to enforce the tenets of such doctrine around the world. For that, they can challenge any government policies and writ of the government anywhere in the world. They legitimize killing police, army and other law enforcing personals. Interestingly, they are not limited to one particular country rather they have spread in different countries. Al-Qaeda declared its war over the sovereign nations by attacking the United States of America in September 2001. In which more than 3,000 innocent ordinary American was killed (Curtis, 2010; pp. 628). They not only targeted the Pentagon but also hit the airplanes with the World Trade Centre. (Herbst, 2003; pp.138). Even if they had a military agenda to target military installations, they why did they choose to hit Twin Towers? That was not a military target. This proves that terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda and its associated groups do not care while launching their attacks. They do not differentiate between military and civilian target. In front of them, both-military and civilians- are deserved to be targeted. So, those who argue that war must not be taken and it must be avoided. They must give some serious thought over the latest inhumane form of terrorism. There are certain critics who criticize the U.S. government over its actions in Afgha nistan and other parts of the world. But, it is reminded to them, initially, the U.S. government and other governments did give some time and asked the Afghan government to hand over the Al-Qaeda leader, Osama bin Laden. Instead of going directly into the war, the Government of the United States of America did try to avoid the war option.

Brain Research Supports Differentiation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brain Supports Differentiation - Research Paper Example The learning atmosphere should appear friendly and safe to a student, since a disturbed child tends to release such chemicals that hamper learning. Likewise, if a student will fees overstressed due to arduous curriculum or any other factor, then his brain will release excessive neurotransmitters that will inhibit learning. As opposed to this, the brain would fail to generate chemicals required for optimal learning if a child is presented with an easy curriculum. After a series of quantitative and qualitative researches, patterns developed that reflected how differentiation variables constructively influenced student accomplishment (Subban, 2006). Not every student will achieve unless teachers themselves do not confidently believe that all students are achievers. Effective teaching should be explicit; the mind-set of teachers needs to be reformed. Practical qualitative researches demonstrated that learning style was synonymous with selection and preference. Moreover, it exposed that achievement escalated by utilizing choice charts; and a regression analysis showed that achievement accelerated by 0.007 by differentiation in reading in accordance with learning styles. Learning style is an integral aspect of qualitative analysis in studying differentiation. Pragmatic classroom observations and discussion with teachers led to the notion that learning styles comprised the elements of choice and preference. Tomlinson and Allan define differentiation as a reply to the needs of a leaner (Tomlinson & Allan, 2000). Teachers should use differentiation in subject matter, procedure, and outcome, in the light of a student’s interest, zeal, and learning profile. Several qualitative studies like Shaughnessy (chapter IV) have concluded that selection, curiosity, and learning styles have a bearing on the motivation and preference of a student. Another imperative question is whether student achievement is

Gender and Sexual Studies Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender and Sexual Studies Questions - Assignment Example African American women are tempted by cars, houses and money if they take care about white and rich children, but in reality they have to look 24/7 after the children and have no days off. People, hiring domestic workers for dirty work in America very often beat their housemaids and nannies. How does it happen in the modern America? The scheme of exploitation is rather simple: employers confiscate passport and other documents of the coming women and sign a contract, where low paid working hours and hard work are described (Zarembka, p. 4). There are no even appropriate words to describe cruelty, sexual and physical assault practiced by employers against their hired housekeepers or nannies. Therefore, women from ethnic minorities or immigrants are often treated as â€Å"simple creatures† or even â€Å"slaves†. Domestic workers are hired by individual boss and it is hard for legal institutions to protect the rights of those â€Å"creatures†, hidden in private house s. These people from developing countries are looking for a better chance for life and they go to America â€Å"to make their dream come true†. In reality, as we can see in the film â€Å"Maid in America†, these women live their children in their developing countries and come to America for cleaning and bringing up children of other women. There are more than 10 million undocumented workers in America, which came to the country in the searching for a better life. More than 100,000 of them are deported to Mexico and Central America. Proponents claim that these are better lives for women in comparison with what they left at home. Very often these women are looking for better lives for their families, but on the other hand, in reality they penetrate in the cruel world of slavery. Non-English speaking help is easily controlled by the employers in America and they know that women have no place to go and they can work for low payments, in spite of the absence of social guara ntees or legal protection of their rights. Therefore, on the one hand, immigrants consider America as the most perfect dream, but on the other hand, they cannot make their dream come true. There is no doubt that financial concerns and a better future are two important triggers for â€Å"dirty work† performance. Still, there is a need to support developing countries and provide its dwellers with an opportunity to earn money and make future of their children better than they have at home. Thus, there is a need for prohibition of illegal human trafficking and shelters for illegal workers in America. Bridget Anderson in her article â€Å"Just Another Job? The Commodification of Domestic labor† claims that household duties cannot be done by working couple, which have children and money. They are busy at work and they need someone to help about the house. Middle-class women once having access to hiring domestic workers, get rid of their boring daily routine and have much tim e for their family, career, rest and themselves. On the one hand, if they are ready to pay for help, why not, but on the other hand, this domestic work is really degrading self-esteem of their employees and they are not satisfied with salary they get for doing daily routine jobs (Anderson, p. 2). It is better to bring up children with correct moral principles and enable them to take care about themselves. There is a lack of social viability of domestic

350 chapter 9 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

350 chapter 9 - Case Study Example Further still, Bellum uses the point of the desires of the union to be honored. According to her, giving the union four seats would mean a lot to them since they have been crying for a single seat. This would honor their cry and make them feel heard and appreciated. Arguably, if the management listens to the workers in an organization, the workers are likely to agree to the decisions of the management without mass action (Appelbaum and Hunter, 2003). In addition, Bellum has a point that the workers would never vote for a strike because they will always feel that their views are being represented. Since they chose the leaders, it means that they trust them to a point that they will feel that they are fully represented because they hold meetings to pass their desires (Appelbaum and Hunter, 2003). Bellum also uses the point of imagination by telling the chairman that there is no other organization in the U.S to implement that move. She promises to win the race even under financial

Views on Stealing Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Views on Stealing Africa - Essay Example e is owned by Glencore International Plc, a public company listed in London and Hongkong, registered in Jersey and head quartered in Switzerland (Stealing Africa). The company has consistently evaded corporate tax in Zambia by claiming losses in business. This has been through artificial inflation of operational costs and even under valuing the mined copper. The copper is sold to Switzerland at below market price. Therefore, the company has managed to pay minimal taxes while reaping huge benefits. Despite Zambia having a third of the world’s copper supply, she is still among the poorest countries in the world. Between 60-70% of Zambians live on less than $1 a day and the unemployment rate is staggering 80%. The money from copper bypasses the needy Zambians and only helps Switzerland, home of the company. The situation obtaining here can only be described as catastrophic and dire. The organizations that are mentioned here are the ‘World Bank’ (WB) and the ‘International Monetary Fund’ (IMF). It was as because of the recommendations of the structural adjustment programme that the Zambian government embarked on privatization lending to sale of the mine to Glencore (Stealing Africa). What they did was simply a disservice to Zambian. Privatization opened the door for flow of cash out from Zambia. This being a private company its bottom line is profit and making money. Politics and business are intertwined hence frequent interactions. The government is responsible for the economic policies that will guide how trade and business is conducted. Business cannot thrive in a vacuum where there is no regulation or order (Stealing Africa). In the Zambian situation, the policy of privatization did not at all help the citizens. There is still abject poverty since unemployment rate is unbelievable. Why all this? It is because the fund for empowering the citizens is whisked away to the mother country. Even the tax paid is not low one since the product has been

350 chapter 9 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

350 chapter 9 - Case Study Example Further still, Bellum uses the point of the desires of the union to be honored. According to her, giving the union four seats would mean a lot to them since they have been crying for a single seat. This would honor their cry and make them feel heard and appreciated. Arguably, if the management listens to the workers in an organization, the workers are likely to agree to the decisions of the management without mass action (Appelbaum and Hunter, 2003). In addition, Bellum has a point that the workers would never vote for a strike because they will always feel that their views are being represented. Since they chose the leaders, it means that they trust them to a point that they will feel that they are fully represented because they hold meetings to pass their desires (Appelbaum and Hunter, 2003). Bellum also uses the point of imagination by telling the chairman that there is no other organization in the U.S to implement that move. She promises to win the race even under financial

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Thus, the concept as well as the process of SCM encapsulates all the methods and procedures needed â€Å"for the comprehensive configuration, planning and control of cross business and company wide supply chains† (Thaler, 1999; Walther and Bund, 2001). Among all the ‘tools’, various modes of transportation forms an integral component, without which Supply chain cannot function and can even collapse. This was visible during the volcanic eruptions in Iceland in 2010. The ash in the clouds impacted the air transportation, which not only affected the passenger traffic, but also the movement of goods in the supply chain. The ash emitted by the Eyjafjallajokull volcano eruption in Iceland spread far and wide, particularly over many of the European countries, causing the closure of airspace and grounding of flights. â€Å"British government closed the country's entire airspace, grounding all flights at five airports, including the flights whose journeys originated elsew here in Europe, North America and beyond and who would have only passed through Heathrow.† (Walsh 2010). ... â€Å"World container traffic in 1970 was virtually zero, today it is around 500 million tons per year.† (Short 2010). In addition, when there is need for quick transportation and delivery, air transportations are the best option, and this is particularly relevant in the current times with the manufacturing supply chain being quickened through various processes. â€Å"Iceland’s volcanic ash disrupted air transport across Europe and gave the world’s manufacturing supply chain one of its biggest tests since the advent of the low-inventory, just-in-time era† (The Economist). The grounding of the flights impeded the flow of raw materials to the industries in Europe from all over the world, as well as vice-versa. In addition, the finished goods could not also reach the customers within the stipulated deadlines, in both the ways. These restrictions on the supply chain resulted in heavy losses to the involved organizations as well as the airlines industry. The In ternational Air Transport Association (IATA) estimated that due to wrecking of the supply chains as well as passenger traffic, airline industry lost at least $200 million per day (Banham 2010). This type of disruptions not only affects the major players but also the small local players in the supply chain, particularly the small retailers who sell the finished products to the customers. This can be seen during the Icelandic volcanic eruptions as well. That is, many retailers located in the UK and other European regions were affected by the lack of supplies and also delayed supplies. With many retailers not receiving â€Å"the goods needed to keep their stores in stock†, it led to

Art To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Essay

Art To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Essay Art is a lie which brings us closer to the truth- Pablo Picasso Ever since I can remember I have always loved art in one way or another. I remember, on numerous occasions, sitting my father down at the kitchen table and begging him to draw me a family of horses, this consisted of mum and dad and babies running along behind trying to catch up. For a long time I practically worshipped these pictures and let the horses run free in my imagination making them go on big adventures with one another. As I got older the pictures stayed with me, but I grew out of the way they looked. They no longer burst out of the page and came to life; they just did not look like real horses anymore. Life had disappeared from them. I suppose I fell into the trap in which many people fall into. This trap could be called ignorance. Many people believe that skill is the most important feature in a piece of art. They think that paintings or drawings that look-real must be the best because they have required the most attention from the artist. Some people say that these pieces are the true meaning of art. Of course this is something to admire about a piece of work, but does this mean that paintings or drawings with fewer detail are less good? Who is to say that these detailed pictures are the truth? Who is to say what the truth is? In order to put this theory into practice I have taken two pieces of art work. Albrecht Durers Crab made in 1495 and Rembrandt van Rijns Two Studies of a Bird of Paradise. It is obvious how much detail and time Durers watercolour of the Crab has taken but who was to say that the birds are less good and required less skill? Rembrandts Birds do an incredible job of portraying the texture and character of the Birds with merely a few simple lines. He grasps their curiousness and profound features of their faces along with the softness and majestic element of their bodies. The piece may not look as realistic but it portrays the birds characteristics much better, something which could be seen as portraying the true nature of the birds as opposed to a real life drawing. Another example of this are the Disney characters. Mickey Mouse looks nothing like a real mouse but the artist, Walt Disney, knew it would be better to distort or change the way the real thing looked. This could have been to make him seem more like a mouse because of his added characteristics and more pleasurable to watch for a younger audience. By making him less mousy he has made him even more mouse-like. Even though Mickeys appearance is unlike a real mouse at all, a distortion of the truth, you do not see people complaining about it. This is because when watching a film or studying this particular art, people are not worried about art as a work or piece, only a source of entertainment or pleasure. This could also be because Walt Disney is a respected and admired man who is seen as a classical artist whose work has been carried on for generations. Yet, if a modern artist were to draw something in his own personal way, just like Walt Disney once did, he would most likely be frowned upon and thought untalented. This leads us onto another piece. Pablo Picassos work of a hen and her chicks is an interpretation of a mothers caring nature towards her children. They way her body is bent towards them and her soft gaze shows that she is focused entirely on her chicks and their wellbeing. It really is a work that many people would find hard to criticise. However, when Picasso created his piece Cockerel he was not satisfied with giving a life-like aspect to the picture as he had done with the hen and her chicks piece. Instead, he wanted to grasp the birds belligerent and foolish nature. Picasso has taken a cockerel and changed it into something even more chickeny than the real thing. All of the cockerels characteristics are portrayed in the piece so that the onlooker can almost see, touch, hear and feel what the bird would be like in real life. This is where the statement Art is a lie which brings us closer to truth comes into account. The piece Cockerel is a lie because of its distortion of nature, it looks nothing like what a real cockerel looks like. However, it brings us closer to truth, closer to what a real cockerel behaves and acts like by its exaggerated features and comedic charms. In this work we can almost hear exactly what the bird would sound like, when interpreting the piece; one would suggest his voice would be loud, frantic and desperate. This is due to his bulging eyes, elongated neck, his mouth opened to a massive size and his small sharp tongue sticking out. The birds franticness and clumsiness is suggested from his outstretched wings and bowlegge d feet. His toes suggest a thought of scratching around and quick movement showing that he is all over the place. From Picasso portraying the cockerel to be like this, we can see the cockerel to be more like a real cockerel than if Picasso just drew one from life. We humans have a habit suggesting that nature must always look like what is considered, by us, to be normal in paintings. It must always look like what we are used to in our everyday life; we are almost forced from a very young age only to accept plain and predictable shapes and colours as the correct ones. An example of this is how we draw when we are younger. We are led to believe that a tree has one large straight trunk and a round bushy ball of leaves stuck on the top. We all know that no real tree looks like this, but if it were drawn any different, it would be thought unusual. Another example is how children perceive stars. Stars are not star-shaped at all as believed but every child will draw a star like this. This is also when art is a lie which brings us closer to the truth comes into account as well. Even though a star is not shaped like this, it still gives a clear outline that the small star gives off light; the stars hands acting like rays of light being given off. Altho ugh this exaggeration is not necessarily a bad thing, it would be better if everyone disconnected themselves from this trap and we look at things afresh, without interference. In fact, many artists are able to disconnect themselves from this and look at the world and the natural surroundings as if they have never seen them before. This means that they would be seeing everything for the first time. Who is to say that the sky is blue and clouds are white? In fact, we would probably find things in the most astonishing colours and forms. If every person was to think like this and every artist was not persuaded or affected by society, art would never be considered a lie. For me, a lie can be different for each individual person, we as humans have created lies. A lie is seen as something which is not the truth, not normal. Therefore, a piece of art which does not portray the normality of the world is therefore considered a lie. Yet, if there was no such thing as normality, there would never be such thing as a lie. Then we come back to the question; who is to say what the truth is, and what a lie is? I suppose the answer to this question is everyone. We all have different opinions on what is the truth and what is not, but if we all look at things outside of the box and with open eyes, surely we will be able to accept completely different things to what we are used to, to be normal. To conclude, I believe that skill is not the most important aspect in a painting or drawing. If an artist portrays what he or she wants to portray, it cannot be considered a lie. Furthermore, a lie is something which changes according to each individual. Some may believe something to be the truth, while others may believe it is not. No one really knows for sure what is the correct way of drawing or painting a certain object or form. And if they insist that they do and state that people draw it wrongly because it is not like that in normality, it just means that they have been persuaded by society and the people around them, as well as the banality of our own sense perception. An example of this is how children draw hearts in heart-shaped form. Hearts are not really shaped like this at all, but it is how everyone knows a heart to be drawn and is not considered a lie, yet it brings us closer to the truth by showing us that a heart has two sides; a left and a right side. This leads to b iological explanation of what each side does, the right side pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenised and the left side pumps the oxygenated blood all around the body. The fact that the heart shape shows a left and right side would not be evident if it was just drawn as an oval-like shape. This is how art can bring us closer to the truth even if it is a lie. TOK ESSAY Art is a lie which brings us nearer to the truth (Pablo Picasso). Evaluate this claim in relation to a specific art form (for example visual arts, literature, theatre). Alice Elphinstone Centre number: 002351 Candidate Number: 026 Word Count: 1668

Alcatraz: The Legendary Prison :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

Alcatraz: The Legendary Prison We stepped off the large tour boat with a look of fright in both our eyes. Some joy was there, but knowing what went on in this place made us feel the way we did. To me, Alcatraz didn't really look like a shut down prison at that moment. It looked more like an old worn down cemetery. The paint on most of the buildings was chipped off all the way down to the wood. Most of the buildings had collapsed down to some cement foundations and old rusted poles hanging every other way. As we walked to the building where you start your tour, that was probably the only building at this place with cleanliness to it. They gave us our tour headphones, which take you through the whole prison with a audio guide telling you how it was in the prison. Not just how it was for the prisoners, but how it was for the guards too. The first place our sound guide took us to was the guard towers. They were about fifty feet tall and held enough room for maybe two guards. The towers looked too old for anybody to get into these days, but they had a view of a good portion of that side of the prison and a good section of the ocean. There were towers stationed the entire way around the prison with maybe 100 yards in between them. The towers were protected with bulletproof glass 360 degrees round. After viewing the towers Sean and I wanted to go see the prison cells. So we turned off our guide tapes for awhile and started heading up to the prison house. Everywhere Sean and I looked, it seemed like the entire place was just eroded. Some places were fenced off because they were not safe enough for spectators like ourselves to get close enough to look at. We finally got to the prison cells after following a long cement path that would take you anywhere at Alcatraz. The path nearly looked like a road, or some type of path they used for some type of transportation. Anyways, we went inside to explore how creepy the prison cells were really going to be. Well yep, they were just as we thought. Just glancing at them gave me weird feelings in my stomach. The first thing I did was got in a cell and told Sean to take a picture.

Electrolysis :: Papers

Electrolysis How is the amount of copper deposited affected by the voltage? Aim The aim of this experiment is to find out what effect the change in voltage has upon the amount of copper deposited in 5 minutes. The voltages I will be using are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12volts; I will use these voltages because they are the only ones available on the power pack. I am doing the experiment for 5 minutes because it is enough time to get a result and it is short enough for doing 6 voltages in one lesson. I will repeat this on another lesson to gain 2 sets of results. Prediction I predict that 12v will produce the most copper because there is more energy being transferred into the copper ions making the move quicker. Fair testing To make this experiment fair I will; use the same amount of copper chloride (30ml) for each test, use the same graphite rods and sand them down to the same weight each time, do the experiment for the same length of time (5 mins). Apparatus * Power pack * 50ml beaker * 2 wires (with crocodile clips) * 2 graphite rods * Plastic rod holder * Sand paper * Copper chloride * Stop watch * Filter paper (to filter and deposited copper in the solution) * Funnel (to hold filter paper) * Weighing scales (electronic for more accuracy) [IMAGE] Method First I will plug in the power pack and the scales, pour 30ml of copper chloride into a beaker, sand a graphite rod, weigh it, record its weight and clip the negative wire to it (this rod is going to collect the copper because it is negative and the positive ions of the copper will be attracted to it), the other rod will have the positive

Lonely Planet Case Study Ch 3 E-Commerce

Lonely Planet Case Study 1. Prepare a report in which you analyze the marketing channel conflicts and cannibalization issues that Lonely Planet faces as it is currently operating. Suggest solutions that might reduce the revenue losses or operational frictions that result from these issues. I feel that Lonely Planet is one big channel conflict. When they first started the company it wasn’t really an issue. The fact that they have grown so much and integrated themselves into many different markets makes it harder to reduce the channel conflict or cannibalization.There is a certain point, during your expansion processes, which you reach when you dive into as many markets that Lonely Planet has. I feel if they wish to reduce revenue losses due to channel conflict and cannibalization they should slim down certain aspects of their company. As Lonely Planet is currently operating they are selling hard copy books through their website and retail resellers. Along with this they have al so started selling their guides as e-books for the Kindle.This poses the threat of both channel conflict and cannibalization. In order to stay competitive with other guide book company’s they will have to reduce the price of their products. If they don’t do this across the board, they will be undercutting their retail resellers. In order to reduce revenue losses or operational frictions that result from said issues, I feel Lonely Planet could update their revenue model to incorporate all of their products into one. The best option for this is the Advertising-Subscription mixed revenue model.This model would allow Lonely Planet to increase revenue while decreasing channel conflict and cannibalization. By using the subscription based part of the mixed revenue model, they would be charging a subscription fee for both their website services but also their traveler magazine. The subscribers pay the fee and accept a certain level of advertising in the process. By using the a dvertising based part of the mixed revenue model they can increase revenue by selling advertising space in their magazines and on their website.This revenue model makes the most sense for their products. 2. Prepare a list of new products that Lonely Planet might introduce to take advantage of Internet technologies (including wireless technologies for mobile devices) and address customers’ concerns about the timeliness and currency of information in the printed travel guides. Briefly describe any problems that Lonely Planet will face as it introduces these new products. There are several different features that Lonely Planet could pursue with their business to take advantage of new technologies. . Lonely Planet could expand the information sections of their website to incorporate events happening around the world that could entice people to travel to. b. After looking into Lonely Planet’s App on their website and the reviews incorporated with it, I feel they should incr ease funding to their App development to increase functionality, usefulness, and ability to download the App, which tended to be the most griped about issues. c.Lonely planet could expand their e-book aspect to be compatible with all the tablets on the market thus increasing sales. d. Reduce the guides focus from countries to cities in order to make use of limited memory handheld devices Some of the main issues that may arise during the creation of these features include: 1. They will have to increase funding to their App department as stated above 2. They will have to increase their global awareness in order to be in the know about world events 3.They would have to increase the compatibility of their electronic versions of their guides. 4. Converting their current guide layout from country to city would be a cumbersome task as well. 3. Many loyal Lonely Planet customers carry their travel guides (which can be several hundred pages thick) with them as they travel around the world. I n many cases, these customers do not use large portions of the travel guides.Also, Internet access can be a problem for many of these customers while they are traveling. Describe a product(s) that might address this customer concern and also yield additional revenue for Lonely Planet. Your answer here could build on ideas that you developed in your solution to part 2 As aforementioned, Lonely Planet could expand their electronic versions of their guides to increase the portability and ease of use of them.They could also create slimmer more portable and functional printed guides with just the most important portions present. Both of these would be viable replacements for the thick cumbersome guides. This would also address the limited Internet access of their traveling customers, because they would already have the guides downloaded to their device for ease of use. Another avenue I feel that they could pursue is a partnership with all the different airlines to carry their traveler ma gazine on board for reading.It would help them increase revenue by selling in bulk to the airlines, and at the same time increase the product awareness to their primary customer base. One final avenue I feel they could pursue is partnerships with many different App companies to integrate their Apps together to increase the functionality of the Lonely Planet App. Some of the apps that would be relevant to include in conjunction with their own would be an airline ticket, currency converters, destination reviews, and some sort of Voip calling service.

Mexican american women and oppression

Mexican American women are facing a lot of problems including ethnicity racial discrimination and social inequalities like lack of medical and educational assistance. The paper produces a brief overview of women facing oppression in America and how did they response against itIntroductionThe make use of concrete examples will illustrate the major points of the article. Mothers, Mexican immigrant women who preserve their cultural honesty in all arenas, chiefly in the schools, are often anxious of anyone actually or seemingly connected to U.S. establishment. (Geiter, L. 2000).But, pedagogy of hope, based on Vygotskian main beliefs (as we shall see below), can establish a correlation amongst way of life, language, and cognition as the organization to understand the role of culture in arbitrate the program of information and thinker improvement. This arbitration through appropriate cultural symbols for the purpose of constructing educational knowledge (or via â€Å"assisted performanceà ¢â‚¬ ) must translate instruction into pedagogical practices that permit migrant children to engage in their possess progress, to invest their own artistic and linguistic capital, and to go forward without unfairness.Accordingly, in spite of the inherent challenges and difficulties faced by ethnographers, serious ethnography with a Vygotskian outlook continues to be one of the most promising fields in the hands of educational researchers unswerving to the full improvement of immigrant children, because it is a latest avenue to create pedagogy of hope in actual lessons. (Geiter, L. 2000).The clearly pernicious consequences of working in damaging and oppressive environments influence women in the most grave period of their lives — all through childbearing age — and this, in turn, affects children and the entire family and Exposure to pesticides, hunger, tiring substantial activities, and high stress, coupled with lack of medical attention, consequences in serious chroni c health troubles for Mexican families.ExplanationOppression faced by Mexican America and kinds of work they didMexican American Women Farm workers in do not have medicinal insurance nor can they have enough money to pay health center' fees and they resort to home therapy and prayer When they are laid off, they can use joblessness benefits, go on happiness, and receive medical assistance, but only if they are permissible inhabitants or American people. (Tomes, N. (2000)The women of the farm in US. Soil does have access to a small local hospital that helps with vaccinations, information, and recommendation they have not given the educational facilities. This health center, the US. Soil Community Health Center, has received not enough state support from the Health Department of the State of California. And according to a recent report from this clinic, US. Soil has a very giant youth population, with 38.5 percent of its total inhabitants less than nineteen years of age, and a very tin y older population of only 7.6 percent above sixty-five years of period.Life expectation in the US. Soil is minor though than that in urban areas. El Rocao's economic index advises extreme poverty and malnutrition: 5.13 percent of all live delivery s are low weight, and 16.22 percent are delivery to Mexican women below nineteen years of age. Medical consideration for pregnant women is scarce and late; in 37 percent of the pregnancies, women did not have access to a medical doctor until after the first trimester; and newborn mortality (measured as the number of infants dead per one thousand exist delivery) is 6.76 (Health and Welfare Department of California, 1994).When we go to relations and walking around in El Rocao, one gets the impression that the Mexican women workers are always exhausted and that physical survival demands a great deal of vigor each day and inconsistently, the only time people rest is when they are out of labor, when they are sick, or when they are planning to travel to Mexico. (Geiter, L. 2000).Carmen is the archetype of the lots of young and uneducated women I interviewed: although in poor health — with arthritis, ear disease, allergic reactions to pesticides, at times bodily weak, and unable to obtain medical care — she is committed to carry on the struggle for a better life and she is decisive in her actions and passionate concerning her faiths.She chats concerning her parents (both worked in California as farm workers) with great respect as role models in the fields, parents who skilled her early in life the importance of functioning hard, never giving up, and by no means taking whatever thing from others. She claims the respect of the Americans with her distinguished behavior. She highlight to her four children, ages 6 to 16, the need to be accountable and importunate and the oldest and the two youngest are boys, and all three are measured exceptional in school; their scores in mathematics are amongst the highest in th eir module.The 12-year-old girl is chosen as mentally retarded and goes to special education classes at times with a giggle and at times in tears; Carmen explained incidents of racial intolerance and unfriendliness by U.S. schoolchildren and She is bitter concerning the insensitivity of some bosses at work; indeed, recent humiliations and abuse suffered at work still bring to the surface profound feelings of anger and indignity. In general, she is deeply sad that as a young mother she missed important intimate moments with her young children, such as not being able to embrace them when they were asking for friendliness, as she was always too busy or too exhausted and In protest, for many years, she refused to chat in English.Actually only recently has she decided to use English and to prepare for her nationality examination in order to stay in the United States. This is a major change in her life, but she thinks she will ultimately have dual nationality in Mexico and the United Stat es what chase is an outline of Carmen's narrative. (Geiter, L. 2000).Carmen's narrativeIn fact her family started coming to the United States together as a family in 1961 (prior to that Carmen's father had worked as a farm worker for quite a few years) her father was not comfortable transferring his children to the local schools since he recognize they would not be bothered of her. Then on Carmen was sent back to Mexico to acquire some schooling in Michoacan. Nevertheless, while there was plenty work in Articia (near Los Angeles, California), Carmen works at house. (Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E., & Meleis, A. I., 1994)Mexican American traveledMexicans primary moved to Washington Territory in the 1860s, most of the family raising sheep’s in the valleys and they all were seeking for a good future tahts why they came to US. In the twentieth century, above all after the start of World War II,  Mexican refugees  from the Southwest and immigrants from Mexico, together with women, made up a great part of the labor strength that brought in Yakima County's yield and In the last half of the twentieth century, Mexican American women unspecified prominent roles in society and in political principles.   (Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E., & Meleis, A. I., 1994)The passage was full of hardships and they moved along with families because family experienced horrendous hardship arriving in â€Å"bitterly cold weather.Oppression and transformation over different periodsDue to the particular theory of the the activism, resistance, and politics generally exclude persona actions, like directing for the mexican language or for mexiccan speakers either in one's home or one's scociety, as explained by a lot of activists. Despite of, various thought provkers always tends to focus on a particular, citizen performances and activities like political nominatiuos   coutering, and demonstrations that occur in supreme arenas, unions, and political groups. (Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E. , & Meleis, A. I., 1994)There were various era of oppression and cruelty on mexican american women as various case studies of the white feminist movement in the america and in the decade of   the 1960s there was a feelof the tensions, constraints, and struggles that was faces by women both in the New Left movement and in the human rights movement.The domination and rule of the Male in each of these sociopolitical reaction movements shared directly to the rise of a feminist movement among white women all through this time typical era.   It is a sense that, however, recent thought provokers are experiencing notions of activism and resistance in front and it is due to the fact of their particaular sole reliance on a very typical dominant arenas to define the site of politics.Information after many researches shows Mexican Americans women are leading a miserable life as on top of all immigrants have the lowest of the income per month and they have maximum shortage rates, highest con centration in the employment market most especially in blue collar/service grouping.According to some very fresh examination we can say that currently census fact and statistics can show numerous true fact and information that for Mexican American women as a whole and habitually not for separate their groups, but when separate groups are report Mexican Americans have the top working class characters and lowest living average and class of life standards.   (Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E., & Meleis, A. I., 1994)The struggle and the association with labor, Mexican Americana and Asian Americans has been bulwarks of vigor for recent advances and Up till now while the Democrat legislatures of California and Texas pass drivers authorize laws for undocumented immigrants, the Republican governors veto them, and the Republican dominated Congress moves the trouble countrywide. (Hammersley, M. 1992)Mexican American women has left no stone unturned to successful over come the situation faced, but it is also very vital and significant that they hear other equally real stories of victory. We can say virtually any Mexican American community these days there are men and women who have left behind the migrant river or other forms of poverty and built very flourishing and enviable lives. We know that Teachers should invite a number of those everyday women heroes who had worked a lot in this regard into their classrooms to share their experiences, or assign students to carry out oral olden times interviews in their personal and active communities. (Hammersley, M. 1992)If we see this analysis is a refreshing and critical examination of a patriarchal rite of passage into Mexicans heterosexual womanhood, an expression of Catholic popular religiosity, and a fiscally expensive cultural tradition in the midst of resist for ethnic self-definition. Third, a thought-provoking inspection of the internationally acclaimed novel and movie Like ‘Water for Chocolate invites the reader to d eem a queer alternative to look at the metaphors that come into view when both culinary appetites and human enthusiasm are cooked in fire (Lewis, M. A., DeVellis, B. M., & Sleath, 2002)To conceptualize the learning findings of Mexican American women we have situated the discussion within the perspective of cruelty and struggle adjacent to it that is in olden times ingrained in the U.S.-Mexico border region and inside it. Cruelty generally involves a systematic and inappropriate control of nation by those with more supremacy and for oppression to take place; a power-laden, unequal relationship must stay alive. (Lewis, M. A., DeVellis, B. M., & Sleath, 2002)The individuals in this affiliation or health care encounter (Mexican women immigrants and U.S. health care providers) are uneven on the basis of personal power derived from assets, education, racial uniqueness, prestige, and other personal or national distinctiveness. By and large nature of unequal power in the relationship betwee n the U.S. TB health care provider and the women sets up a struggle that extends beyond the LTBI diagnosis and suggestions for preventive treatment. It is also a struggle over the discrepancies of how the past (BCG) and present (LTBI) illness-prevention actions should be understood and reconciled, a struggle to identify causes and assess blame, a arguable effort to give partisan import to Mexico's TB prevention program. (Lewis, M. A., DeVellis, B. M., & Sleath, 2002)ReferencesGeiter, L. (2000). Ending neglect: The elimination of tuberculosis in the United States. Institute of Medicine Committee on the Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E., & Meleis, A. I. (1994). Marginalization: A guiding concept for valuing diversity in nursing knowledge improvement. Advances in Nursing Science, 16, 23Hammersley, M. (1992). What's wrong with ethnography? New York: Rutledge.Lewis, M. A., DeVellis, B. M., & Sleath, B. ( 2002). Social influence and interpersonal communication in health behavior. In K. Glens, B. K. Rimer, & F. M. Lewis (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 240-264). San Francisco: Jossey-BassNevins, J. (2002). Operation Gatekeeper. New York: RutledgeStaudt, K., & Coronado, I. (2002). Fronteras no mas: Toward social justice at the U.S-Mexico border. New York: Palgrave MacmillanTomes, N. (2000). The making of a germ panic, then and now. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 191-198.